2-propynyl adenosine analogs having A2A agonist activity and compositions thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compounds having the following general formula (I): 
                         
wherein X, R 1 , R 2 , R 7  and Z are as described here.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/326,517, filed Oct. 1, 2001, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/383,200, filed May 24, 2002, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

The invention described herein was made with government support under Grant Number (RO1-HL37942), awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The inflammatory response serves the purpose of eliminating harmful agents from the body. There is a wide range of pathogenic insults that can initiate an inflammatory response including infection, allergens, autoimmune stimuli, immune response to transplanted tissue, noxious chemicals, and toxins, ischemia/reperfusion, hypoxia, mechanical and thermal trauma. Inflammation normally is a very localized action which serves in expulsion, attenuation by dilution, and isolation of the damaging agent and injured tissue. The body's response becomes an agent of disease when it results in inappropriate injury to host tissues in the process of eliminating the targeted agent, or responding to a traumatic insult.

As examples, inflammation is a component of pathogenesis in several vascular diseases or injuries. Examples include: ischemia/reperfusion injury (N. G. Frangogiannis et al., in Myocardial Ischemia: Mechanisms, Reperfusion, Protection, M. Karmazyn, ed., Birkhuser Verlag (1996) at 236–284; H. S. Sharma et al., Med. of Inflamm., 6, 175 (1987)), atherosclerosis (R. Ross, Nature, 362, 801 (1993)), inflammatory aortic aneurysms (N. Girardi et al., Ann. Thor. Surg., 64, 251 (1997); D. I. Walker et al., Brit. J. Surg., 59, 609 (1972); R. L. Pennell et al., J. Vasc. Surg., 2, 859 (1985)), and restenosis following balloon angioplasty (see, R. Ross cited above). The cells involved with inflammation include leukocytes (i.e., the immune system cells—neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells), the vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and myocytes.

The release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) by leukocytes is a means by which the immune system combats pathogenic invasions, including infections. TNFα stimulates the expression and activation of adherence factors on leukocytes and endothelial cells, primes neutrophils for an enhanced inflammatory response to secondary stimuli and enhances adherent neutrophil oxidative activity. See, Sharma et al., cited above. In addition, macrophages/dendritic cells act as accessory cells processing antigen for presentation to lymphocytes. The lymphocytes, in turn, become stimulated to act as pro-inflammatory cytotoxic cells.

Generally, cytokines stimulate neutrophils to enhance oxidative (e.g., superoxide and secondary products) and nonoxidative (e.g., myeloperoxidase and other enzymes) inflammatory activity. Inappropriate and over-release of cytokines can produce counterproductive exaggerated pathogenic effects through the release of tissue-damaging oxidative and nonoxidative products (K. G. Tracey et al., J. Exp. Med., 167, 1211 (1988); and D. N. Männel et al., Rev. Infect. Dis., 9 (suppl. 5), S602–S606 (1987)). For example, TNFα can induce neutrophils to adhere to the blood vessel wall and then to migrate through the vessel to the site of injury and release their oxidative and non-oxidative inflammatory products.

Although monocytes collect slowly at inflammatory foci, given favorable conditions, the monocytes develop into long-term resident accessory cells and macrophages. Upon stimulation with an inflammation trigger, monocytes/macrophages also produce and secrete an array of cytokines (including TNFα), complement, lipids, reactive oxygen species, proteases and growth factors that remodel tissue and regulate surrounding tissue functions.

For example, inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be pathogenic in: arthritis (C. A. Dinarello, Semin. Immunol., 4, 133 (1992)); ischemia (A. Seekamp et al., Agents-Actions-Supp., 41, 137 (1993)); septic shock (D. N. Männel et al., Rev. Infect. Dis., 9 (suppl. 5), S602–S606 (1987)); asthma (N. M. Cembrzynska et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 147, 291 (1993)); organ transplant rejection (D. K. Imagawa et al., Transplantation, 51, 57 (1991); multiple sclerosis (H. P. Hartung, Ann. Neurol., 33, 591 (1993)); AIDS (T. Matsuyama et al., AIDS, 5, 1405 (1991)); and in alkali-burned eyes (F. Miyamoto et al., Opthalmic Res., 30, 168 (1997)). In addition, superoxide formation in leukocytes has been implicated in promoting replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (S. Legrand-Poels et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 1389 (1990)).

It is well known that adenosine and some analogs of adenosine that nonselectively activate adenosine receptor subtypes decrease neutrophil production of inflammatory oxidative products (B. N. Cronstein et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 451, 291 (1985); P. A. Roberts et al., Biochem. J., 227, 669 (1985); D. J. Schrier et al., J. Immunol., 137, 3284 (1986); B. N. Cronstein et al., Clinical Immunol. and Immunopath., 42, 76 (1987); M. A. Iannone et al., in Topics and Perspective in Adenosine Research, E. Gerlach et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 286 (1987); S. T. McGarrity et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 44, 411421 (1988); J. De La Harpe et al., J. Immunol., 143, 596 (1989); S. T. McGarrity et al., J. Immunol., 142, 1986 (1989); and C. P. Nielson et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 97, 882 (1989)). For example, adenosine has been shown to inhibit superoxide release from neutrophils stimulated by chemoattractants such as the synthetic mimic of bacterial peptides, f-met-leu-phe (fMLP), and the complement component C₅a (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Immunol., 135, 1366 (1985)). Adenosine can decrease the greatly enhanced oxidative burst of PMN (neutrophil) first primed with TNF-α and then stimulated by a second stimulus such as f-met-leu-phe (G. W. Sullivan et al., Clin. Res., 41, 172A (1993)). Additionally, it has been reported that adenosine can decrease the rate of HIV replication in a T-cell line (S. Sipka et al., Acta. Biochim. Biopys. Hung., 23, 75 (1988)). However, there is no evidence that in vivo adenosine has anti-inflammatory activity (G. S. Firestein et al., Clin. Res., 41, 170A (1993); and B. N. Cronstein et al., Clin. Res., 41, 244A (1993)).

It has been suggested that there is more than one subtype of adenosine receptor on neutrophils that can have opposite effects on superoxide release (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Clin. Invest., 85, 1150 (1990)). The existence of A_(A2) receptor on neutrophils was originally demonstrated by Van Calker et al. (D. Van Calker et al., Eur. J. Pharmacology, 206, 285 (1991)).

There has been progressive development of compounds that are more and more potent and/or selective as agonists of A_(A2) adenosine receptors (AR) based on radioligand binding assays and physiological responses. Initially, compounds with little or no selectivity for A_(A2) receptors were developed, such as adenosine itself or 5′-carboxamides of adenosine, such as 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Immunol., 135, 1366 (1985)). Later, it was shown that addition of 2-alkylamino substituents increased potency and selectivity, e.g., CV1808 and CGS21680 (M. F. Jarvis et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 888 (1989)). 2-Alkoxy-substituted adenosine derivatives such as WRC-0090 are even more potent and selective as agonists at the coronary artery A_(A2) receptor (M. Ueeda et al., J. Med. Chem., 34, 1334 (1991)). The 2-alklylhydrazino adenosine derivatives, e.g., SHA 211 (also called WRC-0474) have also been evaluated as agonists at the coronary artery A_(A2) receptor (K. Niiya et al., J. Med. Chem., 35, 4557 (1992)).

There is one report of the combination of relatively nonspecific adenosine analogs, R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and 2-chloroadenosine (Cl-Ado) with a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor resulting in a lowering of neutrophil oxidative activity (M. A. Iannone et al., Topics and Perspectives in Adenosine Research, E. Garlach et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 286–298 (1987)). However, R-PIA and Cl-Ado analogs are actually more potent activators of A₁ adenosine receptors than of A_(A2) adenosine receptors and, thus, are likely to cause side effects due to activation of A₁ receptors on cardiac muscle and other tissues causing effects such as “heart block.”

R. A. Olsson et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,150) disclose selective adenosine A₂ receptor agonists of the formula:

wherein Rib is ribosyl, R₁ can be H and R₂ can be cycloalkyl. The compounds are disclosed to be useful for treating hypertension, atherosclerosis and as vasodilators.

Olsson et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,015) disclose certain adenosine A₂ receptor agonists of formula:

wherein C(X)BR₂ can be CH₂OH and R₁ can be alkyl- or alkoxyalkyl. The compounds are disclosed to be useful as vasodilators or an antihypertensives.

Linden et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,180) is based on the discovery that certain inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis and asthma, may be effectively treated by the administration of compounds which are selective agonists of A_(2A) adenosine receptors, preferably in combination with a Type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor. An embodiment of the Linden et al. invention provides a method for treating inflammatory diseases by administering an effective amount of an A_(2A) adenosine receptor of the following formula:

wherein R and X are as described in the patent.

In one embodiment, the Linden et al. invention involves the administration of a Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor in combination with the A_(2A) adenosine receptor agonist. The Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor includes racemic and optically active 4-(polyalkoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidones of the following formula:

wherein R′, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and X are as disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,926. Rolipram is an example of a suitable Type IV PDE inhibitor included within the above formula.

G. Cristalli (U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,975) discloses 2-arylethynyl, 2-cycloalkylethynyl or 2-hydroxyalkylethynyl derivatives, wherein the riboside residue is substituted by carboxy amino, or substituted carboxy amino (R₃HNC(O)—). 2-Alkynylpurine derivatives have been disclosed in Miyasaka et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,345), wherein the 2-alkynyl group is substituted with (C₃–C₁₆)alkyl. The '975 compounds are disclosed to be vasodilators and to inhibit platelet aggregation, and thus to be useful as anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-hypertensive agents.

Recently, U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,297 to Linden, et al. disclosed compounds having the general formula:

wherein each R is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl and R¹ is 4-carboxycyclo-hexylmethyl (DWH-146a), R¹ is 4-methoxycarbonylcyclohexylmethyl (DWH-146e) or R¹ is 4-acetoxymethyl-cyclohexylmethyl (JMR-193). These compounds are reported to be A_(A2) agonists.

However, a continuing need exists for selective A₂ adenosine receptor agonists useful for therapeutic applications, that have reduced side effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises compounds and methods of their use for the treatment of inflammatory activity in mammalian tissue. The inflammatory tissue activity can be due to pathological agents or can be due to physical, chemical or thermal trauma, or the trauma of medical procedures, such as organ, tissue or cell transplantation, angioplasty (PCTA), inflammation following ischemia/reperfusion, or grafting. The present compounds comprise a novel class of 2-alkynyladenosine derivatives, substituted at the ethyn-2-yl position by substituted cycloalkyl and heterocycle (heterocyclic) moieties. Preferably, the riboside residue is substituted at the 5′-position by an N-alkyl-(or cycloalkyl)carboxyamino (“aminocarbonyl”) moiety (“X”). Thus, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting the inflammatory response in a mammal, such as a human subject, and protecting the tissue subject to the response, by administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention.

The compounds of the invention have general formula (I):

wherein

Z is CR³R⁴R⁵ or NR⁴R⁵;

each R₁ is independently hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocycle, hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, R^(a)S(═O)₂—, —N═NR^(a), or —OPO₂R^(a);

each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-; or

R¹ and R² and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or C═NR^(c).

R⁴ and R⁵ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a saturated or partially unsaturated, mono-, bicyclic- or aromatic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from non-peroxide oxy (—O—), thio (—S—), sulfinyl (—SO—), sulfonyl (—S(O)₂—) or amine (—NR^(a)—) in the ring;

wherein any ring comprising R⁴ and R⁵ is substituted with from 1 to 14 R⁶ groups; wherein each R⁶ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₁–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or hetrocycle (C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl (C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, —NNR^(a), —OPO₂R^(a), or two R⁶ groups and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or; two R⁶ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached can form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.

R³ is hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, R^(a)S(═O)₂—, —NNR^(a), —OPO₂R^(a); or if the ring formed from CR⁴R⁵ is aryl or hetreroaryl or partially unsaturated then R³ can be absent;

each R⁷is independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-;

X is —CH₂OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(O)R^(a), —CH₂OC(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —CH₂SR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —OC(S)R^(a), —CH₂OC(S)R^(a) or C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) or —CH₂N(R^(a))(R^(b));

wherein any of the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl, groups of R¹, R², R³, R⁶ and R⁷is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryloxy, aryl (C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)_(p)—, R^(a)R^(b)NS(O)_(p)—, N═NR^(a), and —OPO₂R^(a);

wherein any (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₁–C₈)alkanoyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylene, or heterocycle, is optionally partially unsaturated;

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, or (C₁–C₈)alkyl substituted with 1–3 (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylthio, amino acid, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or thiomorpholino ring; and

R^(c) is hydrogen or (C₁–C₆)alkyl;

m is 0 to about 8 and p is 0 to 2;

provided that when CR⁴R⁵ is a carbocyclic ring and (CR¹R²) is absent or is (CH₂)_(m), then R³ is not H, CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)— or R^(a)R⁶NC(═O)— when R⁶ is CH₂OH, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, or R^(a)R^(b)N(C═O)—;

provided that m is at least 1 when Z is NR⁴R⁵;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The invention provides a compound of formula I for use in medical therapy, preferably for use in treating inflammation or protecting mammalian tissue from inflammation such as an inflammatory response, e.g., resulting from allergy, trauma or ischemia/reperfusion injury, as well as the use of a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory response due to a pathological condition or symptom in a mammal, such as a human, which is associated with inflammation.

Although certain A_(A2) adenosine receptor agonists have been reported to be vasodilators, and thus to be useful to directly treat hypertension, thrombus, atherosclerosis and the like, the tissue-protective anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds of formula (I) is not suggested by the prior art.

The invention also includes the use of a combination of these compounds with type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors to preferably cause synergistic decreases in the inflammatory response mediated by leukocytes.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, and optionally, in combination with a Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Preferably, the composition is presented as a unit dosage form.

Additionally, the invention provides a therapeutic method for preventing or treating a pathological condition or symptom in a mammal, such as a human, wherein the activity of A_(A2) adenosine receptors is implicated and agonism of said receptors is desired, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such therapy, an effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. It is believed that activation of A_(A2) adenosine receptors inhibits inflammation by affecting neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, platelets T-cells and/or eosinophils. Inhibition of these inflammatory cells results in tissue protection following tissue insults.

Among the inflammatory responses that can be treated (including treated prophylactically) with a compound of formula I, optionally with a Type IV PDE inhibitor, are inflammation due to:

-   -   (a) autoimmune stimulation (autoimmune diseases), such as lupus         erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, infertility from         endometriosis, type I diabetes mellitus including the         destruction of pancreatic islets leading to diabetes and the         inflammatory consequences of diabetes, including leg ulcers,         Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease,         osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis;     -   (b) allergic diseases such as asthma, hay fever, rhinitis,         poison ivy, vernal conjunctivitis and other eosinophil-mediated         conditions;     -   (c) skin diseases such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, eczema,         infectious skin ulcers, open wounds, cellulitis;     -   (d) infectious diseases including sepsis, septic shock,         encephalitis, infectious arthritis, endotoxic shock, gram         negative shock, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, anthrax, plague,         tularemia, ebola, shingles, toxic shock, cerebral malaria,         bacterial meningitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome         (ARDS), lyme disease, HIV infection, (TNFα-enhanced HIV         replication, TNFα inhibition of reverse transcriptase inhibitor         activity);     -   (e) wasting diseases: cachexia secondary to cancer and HIV;     -   (f) organ, tissue or cell transplantation (e.g., bone marrow,         cornea, kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, pancreatic islets)         including transplant rejection, and graft versus host disease;     -   (g) adverse effects from drug therapy, including adverse effects         from amphotericin B treatment, adverse effects from         immunosuppressive therapy, e.g., interleukin-2 treatment,         adverse effects from OKT3 treatment, contrast dyes, antibiotics,         adverse effects from GM-CSF treatment, adverse effects of         cyclosporine treatment, and adverse effects of aminoglycoside         treatment, stomatitis and mucositis due to immunosuppression;     -   (h) cardiovascular conditions including circulatory diseases         induced or exasperated by an inflammatory response, such as         ischemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease,         restenosis following angioplasty, inflammatory aortic aneurysm,         vasculitis, stroke, spinal cord injury, congestive heart         failure, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia/reperfusion injury,         vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm following         cerebrovascular accident, pleuritis, pericarditis, and the         cardiovascular complications of diabetes;     -   (i) dialysis, including pericarditis, due to peritoneal         dialysis;     -   (j) gout; and     -   (k) chemical or thermal trauma due to burns, acid, alkali and         the like.

Of particular interest and efficacy is the use of the present compounds to limit inflammatory responses where the ischemia/reperfusion injury is caused by angioplasty or throbolysis. Also of particular interest and efficacy is the use of the present compounds to limit inflammatory responses due to organ, tissue or cell transplantation, i.e., the transplantation of allogeneic or xenogeneic tissue into a mammalian recipient, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions due to circulatory pathologies and the treatment thereof, including angioplasty, stent placement, shunt placement or grafting. Unexpectedly, it was found that administration of one or more compounds of formula (I) was effective after the onset of the inflammatory response, e.g., after the subject was afflicted with the pathology or trauma that initiates the inflammatory response.

Tissue or cells comprising ligand bound receptor sites can be used to measure the selectively of test compounds for specific receptor subtypes, the amount of bioactive compound in blood or other physiological fluids, or can be used as a tool to identify potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with receptor site activation, by contacting said agents with said ligand-receptor complexes, and measuring the extent of displacement of the ligand and/or binding of the agent, or the cellular response to said agent (e.g., cAMP accumulation).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the results of a comparison of the depression of blood pressure in rats using the compound ATL-146e and JR4007 at 100 ug/kg.

FIG. 2 illustrates the results of a dose-response experiment for the depression of blood pressure in rats using the compound JR4007 at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 ug/kg.

FIG. 3 illustrates the results of a comparison of the depression of blood pressure in rats using test compounds at 1 ug/kg.

FIG. 4 illustrates the results of a comparison of the depression of blood pressure in rats using test compound JR 3223 in two animals.

FIG. 5 illustrates the results of a of a dose-response experiment for the depression of blood pressure in rats using for JR4051 at concentrations of 1 and 10 ug/kg.

FIG. 6 illustrates the results of a comparison of the depression of blood pressure in rats using the compounds of the invention.

FIGS. 7–16 illustrate the results of the coronary blood flow for test compounds in dogs.

FIG. 17 illustrates the results of the liver ischemia/reperfusion injury test

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following definitions are used, unless otherwise described. Halo is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Alkyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, alkylaryl, etc. denote both straight and branched alkyl groups; but reference to an individual radical such as “propyl” embraces only the straight chain radical, a branched chain isomer such as “isopropyl” being specifically referred to. Aryl includes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic. Heteroaryl encompasses a radical attached via a ring carbon of a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(X) wherein X is absent or is H, O, (C₁–C₄)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, as well as a radical of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms derived therefrom, particularly a benz-derivative or one derived by fusing a propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene diradical thereto.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the compounds of formula (I) have more than one chiral center and may be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. Preferably, the riboside moiety of formula (I) is derived from D-ribose, i.e., the 3′,4′-hydroxyl groups are alpha to the sugar ring and the 2′ and 5′ groups is beta (3R, 4S, 2R, 5S). When the two groups on the cyclohexyl group are in the 1- and 4-position, they are preferably trans. Some compounds may exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, or enzymatic techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine adenosine agonist activity using the tests described herein, or using other similar tests which are well known in the art.

Specific and preferred values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges, are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.

Specifically, (C₁–C₈)alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl. As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” encompasses bicycloalkyl (norbornyl, 2.2.2-bicyclooctyl, etc.) and tricycloalkyl (adamantyl, etc.), optionally comprising 1–2 N, O or S. Cycloalkyl also encompasses (cycloalkyl)alkyl. Thus, (C₃–C₆)cycloalkyl can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. (C₁–C₈)alkoxy can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, or hexyloxy; (C₂–C₆)alkenyl can be vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, or 5-hexenyl; (C₂–C₆)alkynyl can be ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, or 5-hexynyl; (C₁–C₆)alkanoyl can be acetyl, propanoyl or butanoyl; halo(C₁–C₆)alkyl can be iodomethyl, bromomethyl, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or pentafluoroethyl; hydroxy(C₁–C₆)alkyl can be hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 1-hydroxypentyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 1-hydroxyhexyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl; (C₁–C₆)alkoxycarbonyl (CO₂R²) can be methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, or hexyloxycarbonyl; (C₁–C₆)alkylthio can be methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio, or hexylthio, (C₂–C₆)alkanoyloxy can be acetoxy, propanoyloxy, butanoyloxy, isobutanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, or hexanoyloxy; aryl can be phenyl, indenyl, or naphthyl; and heteroaryl can be furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyraxolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, puridyl (or its N-oxide), thientyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).

Aryl denotes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic. Heteroaryl denotes a radical of a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) wherein Y is absent or is H, O, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, as well as a radical of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms derived therefrom, particularly a benz-derivative or one derived by fusing a propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene diradical thereto.

The term “heterocycle” generally represents a non aromatic heterocyclic group, having from 3 to about 10 ring atoms, which can be saturated or partially unsaturated, containing at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Specific, “heterocycle” groups include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. A “heterocycle” group also can include one or more oxo groups (═O) attached to a ring atom. Nonlimiting examples of heterocycle groups include 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-dithiane, 2H-pyran, 2-pyrazoline, 4H-pyran, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholine, piperazinyl, piperidine, piperidyl, pyrazolidine, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, quinuelidine, thiomorpholine, and the like.

The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent straight or branched hydrocarbon chain (e.g. ethylene —CH₂CH₂—).

The term “aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene” for example includes benzyl, phenethyl, naphthylmethyl and the like.

The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by a prefix designating the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e., the prefix C_(i)–C_(j) indicates a moiety of the integer “i” to the integer “j” carbon atoms, inclusive. Thus, for example, (C₁–C₈)alkyl refers to alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive.

The compounds of the present invention are generally named according to the IUPAC or CAS nomenclature system. Abbreviations which are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used (e.g., “Ph” for phenyl, “Me” for methyl, “Et” for ethyl, “h” for hour or hours and “rt” for room temperature).

Specific and preferred values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges, are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.

Specifically, (C₁–C₈)alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, or heptyl; (C₁–C₈)alkoxy can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, hexyloxy, 1-methylhexyloxy, or heptyloxy; aryl can be phenyl, indenyl, or naphthyl; and heteroaryl can be furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, (or its N-oxide), thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).

A specific value for R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, —CH₂OH, —OMe, —OAc, —NH₂, —NHMe, —NMe₂ or —NHAc.

Another specific value for R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, —OMe, —OAc, —NH₂, —NHMe, —NMe₂ or —NHAc.

Another specific value for R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, —OMe, or —NH₂.

Another specific value for R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, or —NH₂.

A more specific value for R¹ is hydrogen or —OH.

A specific value for R¹, R² and the carbon atom to which they are attached is carbonyl (C═O).

A specific value for R² is hydrogen or (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl or benzyl.

Another specific value for R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or propyl.

Another specific value for R² is hydrogen or methyl.

A more specific value for R² is hydrogen

A specific value for R³ is hydrogen, OH, OMe, OAc, NH₂, NHMe, NMe₂ or NHAc.

Another specific value for R³ is hydrogen, OH, OMe, or NH₂.

Another specific value for R³ is hydrogen, OH, or NH₂.

A more specific value for R³is hydrogen or OH.

A specific value for the ring comprising R⁴, R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected is cyclopentane, cyclohexane, piperidine, dihydro-pyridine, tetrahydro-pyridine, pyridine, piperazine, decaline, tetrahydro-pyrazine, dihydro-pyrazine, pyrazine, dihydro-pyrimidine, tetrahydro-pyrimidine, hexahydro-pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, dihydro-imidazole, imidazolidine, pyrazole, dihydro-pyrazole, and. pyrazolidine.

A more specific value for the ring comprising R⁴ and R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected is, cyclohexane, piperidine or piperazine.

A specific value for R⁶ is (C₁–C₈)alkyl, or substituted (C₁–C₈)alkyl, —OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, or aryl.

Another specific value for R⁶ is (C₁–C₈)alkyl, —OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, or aryl.

Another specific value for R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, butyl, OH, OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, OC(═O)CH₂CH₃, —CONR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)R^(b) or phenyl.

Another specific value for R⁶ is OH, OMe, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, —CO₂R^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(b), —OAc, —NH₂, —NHMe, —NMe₂, —NHEt or —N(Et)₂.

Another specific value for R⁶ is —(CH₂)₁₋₂OR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂C(═O)OR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂C(═O)R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OCO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂NHR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)NHR^(a), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(b).

Another specific value for R⁶ is —CH₂OH, —CH₂OAc, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂C(═O)OCH₃, —CH₂OC(═O)CH₃, —CH₂C(═O)CH₃, —CH₂OCO₂CH₃, —CH₂NH(CH₃), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂N(CH₃)₂.

Another specific value for R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, phenyl, —CO₂R^(a), —CONR^(a)R^(b), or R^(a)C(═O)—.

Another specific value for R⁶ is —CH₂OH, —CH₂OAc, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, OCO₂CH₃—OCO₂CH₃, —CH₂NH(CH₃), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂N(CH₃)₂.

A more specific value for R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, —CO₂R^(a)—CONR^(a)R^(b), or R^(a)C(═O)—.

A specific number of R⁶ groups substituted on the R⁴R⁵ ring is from 1 to about 4.

A specific value for R^(a) and R^(b) is independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₄)alkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene.

A specific value for R^(a) and R^(b) is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.

A more specific value for R^(a) is (C₁–C₈)alkyl.

Another specific value for R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.

A more specific value for R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, i-butyl or tert-butyl.

Another specific value for R^(a) and R^(b) is a ring

A specific value for R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene.

Another specific value for R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.

A more specific value for R⁷ is H, or methyl.

A specific value for —N(R⁷)₂ is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, pentylamino, diphenylethylamino, pyridylmethylamino, diethylamino or benzylamino.

A specific value for —N(R⁷)₂ is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino diphenylethylamino, pentylamino or benzylamino.

A specific value for N(R⁷)₂ is amino, or methylamino.

A specific value for X is —CH₂OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(O)R^(a), —CH₂OC(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b).

Another specific value for X is —CH₂OR^(a) or —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b).

A more specific value for X is —CH₂OH or —C(O)NHCH₂CH₃.

A specific value for m is 0, 1, or 2.

A more specific value for m is 0, or 1.

Specific examples of rings comprising R⁴, R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected include:

where q is from 0 to 14 and R^(d) is hydrogen, provided that when q is zero then R^(d) is not hydrogen.

More specific examples of rings comprising R⁴, R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected include:

A specific value for the ring comprising —C(R³)R⁴R⁵ is 2-methyl cyclohexane, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2-phenylcyclohexane, 2-ethylcyclohexane, 2,2-diethylcyclohexane, 2-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 3-methyl cyclohexane, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 4-methyl cyclohexane, 4-ethylcyclohexane, 4-phenyl cyclohexane, 4-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxymethyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxyethyl cyclohexane, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexane, 2,4-dimethyl cyclopentane. 4-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid esters, or 4-methyloxyalkanoyl-cyclohexane.

A specific value for the ring comprising —C(R³)R⁴R⁵ is 4-piperidine, 4-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperidine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1-piperidine, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine, 3-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1,4-piperazine, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1,3-piperazine, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid propyl ester or 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.

A specific value for the ring comprising R⁴ and R⁵ is 2-methyl cyclohexane, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2-phenyl cyclohexane, 2-ethylcyclohexane, 2,2-diethylcyclohexane, 2-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 3-methyl cyclohexane, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 4-methyl cyclohexane, 4-ethylcyclohexane, 4-phenyl cyclohexane, 4-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxymethyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxyethyl cyclohexane, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexane, 2,4-dimethyl cyclopentane, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 4-piperidine, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, or 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

In another embodiment the invention includes a compound having the general formula (I):

(I) wherein

Z is CR³R⁴R⁵ or NR⁴R⁵;

each R¹ is independently hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, —N═NR^(a), or —OPO₂R^(a);

each R² independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-; or

R¹ and R² and the atom to which they are attached can be C═O or C═NR^(c).

R⁴ and R⁵ together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a saturated or unsaturated, mono-, bicyclic- or aromatic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 ring atoms optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from oxy (—O—), thio (—S—), sulfinyl (—SO—), sulfonyl (—S(O)₂—) or amine (—NR^(a)—) in the ring;

wherein any ring comprising R⁴ and R⁵ is substituted with from 1 to 14 R⁶ groups; wherein each R⁶ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃–C₈)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, —NNR¹ or —OPO₂R^(a);

R³ is hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), C₁₋₈alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, —OPO₃R^(a), R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, —N═NR^(a), —OPO₂R^(a); or if the ring formed from CR⁴R⁵ is aryl or heteroaryl or partially unsaturated then R³ can be absent;

each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene;

X is —CH₂OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(O)R^(a), —CH₂OC(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —CH₂SR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —OC(S)R^(a), —CH₂OC(S)R^(a) or C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) or —CH₂N(R^(a))(R^(b));

wherein any of R¹, R², R³ and R⁶ is optionally substituted with (C₁C₈)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, aryloxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, hydroxy, nitro, halo, cyano, (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₁–C₈)alkanoyl, (C₁–C₈)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₁–C₈)alkanoyloxy, R^(a)S(O)_(p)—, R^(a)R^(b)NS(O)—, R^(a)R^(b)NS(O)₂—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, or R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—;

wherein any (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃–C₈)bicycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₁–C₈)alkanoyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylene, or heterocycle, is optionally partially unsaturated;

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, or (C₁–C₈)alkyl substituted with 1–3 (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylthio, amino acid, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene;; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or thiomorpholino ring; and R^(c) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

m is 0 to about 8 and p is 0 to 2; provided that when m is 0 or all R¹ and R² groups present are hydrogen then R³ is not hydrogen; provided that m is at least 1 when Z is NR⁴R⁵; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R⁷ is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl and

-   -   R¹ is hydroxy, R² is hydrogen, and Z is 4-carboxycyclohexyl,         wherein R^(a) is hydrogen, 4; Z is         4-methoxycarbonylcyclohexylmethyl, R^(a) is methyl, 5; R¹ and R²         together are oxo, Z is a 4-carbonylcyclohexyl group, wherein         R^(a) is methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, propyl, isopropoxy,         -isobutyl, tert-butyl, amine, methylamine or dimethylamine, 6.

Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R⁷ is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl,

-   -   R¹ is hydroxy, R² is hydrogen, and Z is a substituted         4-(methyleneoxy-carbonyl)cyclohexyl group, wherein R^(a) is         methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylamine         or dimethylamine, 7; or R¹ and R² together are oxo, and Z is a         substituted -(methyleneoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl group, wherein         R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy,         methylamine or dimethylamine, 8.

Another group of specific compounds of formula (1) are those wherein each R⁷ is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl, and

-   -   R¹ and R² are each hydrogen, and Z is a 1-piperidyl-4-carboxylic         acid or ester group, wherein R^(a) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,         propyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl, 9; R¹ and R² together are oxo,         and Z is a 1-piperidyl-4-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein         R^(a) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl,         10; R¹ and R² are each hydrogen and Z is a         4-(methyleneoxy-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl group wherein R^(a) is         methyl, ethyl, propyl or t-butyl, amine, methylamine,         dimethylamine, 11; or R¹ and R² together are oxo, and Z is a         4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl wherein R^(a) is methyl,         ethyl, propyl or t-butyl, amine, methylamine, dimethylamine, 12;         R¹ and R² are each hydrogen and Z is a         4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl-oxy wherein R^(a) is         hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl,         13 or R¹ and R² together are oxo, Z is a         4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl-oxy wherein R^(a) is         hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or         t-butyl, 14.

Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R⁷ is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl,

-   -   R¹ and R² are each hydrogen, and Z is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic         acid or ester group, wherein R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, propyl,         isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 15, R¹ is hydroxy, R² is         hydrogen, and Z is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic acid or ester         group, wherein R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,         isobutyl, or t-butyl, 16; or R¹ and R² together are oxo, and Z         is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein R¹ is         methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 17.

Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R⁷ is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl,

-   -   R¹ and R² are each hydrogen, Z is a 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic         acid or ester group wherein R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,         isobutyl, or t-butyl, 18; or R¹ and R² together are oxo, Z is a         4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid or ester group wherein R^(a) is         methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 19.

Additional compounds of the invention are depicted in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 below:

TABLE 1

Compound R R¹ R² R⁶ ATL2037 NECA H H CH₂OH MP9056 NECA OH H CH₂OH ATL146a NECA H H CO₂H MP9057 NECA OH H CO₂H ATL146e NECA H H CO₂Me MP9058 NECA OH H CO₂Me JR2145 CH₂OH H H CO₂Me MP9059 CH₂OH OH H CO₂Me ATL193 NECA H H CH₂OAc MP9060 NECA OH H CH₂Oac JR2147 CH₂OH H H CH₂Oac MP9061 CH₂OH OH H CH₂Oac JR3023 NECA H H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ MP9062 NECA OH H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ JR3021 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NHBoc MP9063 NECA OH H COOCH₂CH₂NHBoc JR3033 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NH₂ MP9064 NECA OH H COOCH₂CH₂NH₂ JR3037 NECA H H CONHCH₂CH₃ MP9065 NECA OH H CONHCH₂CH₃ JR3055 NECA H H CONH₂ MP9072 NECA OH H CONH₂ JR3065 NECA H H CONHMe MP9066 NECA OH H CONHMe JR3067B NECA H H Me, cis CO₂Me MP9067 NECA OH H Me, cis CO₂Me JR3067A NECA H H Me, trans CO₂Me MP9068 NECA OH H Me, trans CO₂Me JR3087 NECA H H CH₂CH₃ MP9069 NECA OH H CH₂CH₃ JR3159A NECA OH H H JR3159B NECA OH H H JR3119 NECA H H COCH₃ MP9070 NECA OH H COCH₃ JR3121 NECA H H CHCH₃(OH) MP9071 NECA OH H CHCH₃(OH) JR3139 NECA OH C₆H₁₁ H NECA = CH₃CH₂N(H)C(O)—

TABLE 2

Compound R¹ R² R⁶ JR3261 H H H JR3259 H H CO₂tBu JR3269 H H CO₂Et JR4011 H H CO₂iBu JR4009 H H CO₂iPr JR4007 H H COMe JR4051 H H COC(CH₃)₃ JR4047 H H COCH₂(CH₃)₃ MP9047 H H COCH₃ MP9048 H H C(O)N(CH₃)₂ MP9049 H H C(O)N(CH₃)Et MP9050 H H C(O)N(CH₃)iPr MP9051 H H C(O)N(CH₃)iBu MP9052 H H C(O)NH(CH₃) MP9053 H H C(O)NH(Et) MP9054 H H C(O)NH(iPr) MP9055 H H C(O)NH(iBu) TX3261 OH H H TX3259 OH H CO₂tBu TX3269 OH H CO₂Et TX4011 OH H CO₂iBu TX4009 OH H CO₂iPr TX4007 OH H COMe TX4051 OH H COC(CH₃)₃ TX4047 OH H COCH₂(CH₃)₃ TX9047 OH H COCH₃ TX9048 OH H C(O)N(CH₃)₂ TX9049 OH H C(O)N(CH₃)Et TX9050 OH H C(O)N(CH₃)iPr TX9051 OH H C(O)N(CH₃)iBu TX9052 OH H C(O)NH(CH₃) TX9053 OH H C(O)NH(Et) TX9054 OH H C(O)NH(iPr) TX9055 OH H C(O)NH(iBu)

TABLE 3

Compound n R³ R⁶ JR3135 1 OH H JR3089 2 OH H JR3205 2 NH₂ H JR3177A 2 OH 2-CH₃ JR3177B 2 OH 2-CH₃ JR3181A 2 OH 2-CH₃ JR3181B 2 OH 2-CH₃ JR3227 2 OH 2-C(CH₃)₃ JR9876 2 OH 2-C₆H₅ JR3179 2 OH 3-CH₃ JR3221 2 OH(R) 3-CH₃(R) JR3223 2 OH(S) 3-CH₃(R) MP9041 2 OH(R) 3-CH₃(S) MP9042 2 OH(S) 3-CH₃(S) JR3201B 2 OH 3-(CH₃)₂ MP9043 2 OH(R) 3-CH₂CH₃(R) MP9044 2 OH(S) 3-CH₂CH₃(R) MP9045 2 OH(R) 3-CH₂CH₃(S) MP9046 2 OH(S) 3-CH₂CH₃(S) JR3163 2 OH 3-(CH₃)₂, 5-(CH₃)₂ JR9875 2 OH 4-CH₃ JR3149 2 OH 4-C₂H₅ JR3203 2 OH 4-C(CH₃)₃ JR3161 2 OH 4-C₆H₅

TABLE 4

Compound R¹ R² R⁶ JR3213 H H CO₂Et JR3281 H H CO₂tBu JR3289 H H H JR4025 H H cyclohexyl JR4053 H H COMe JR4049 H H CO₂iBu JR3283 H H 2-Pyrimidinyl MP9029 H H COMe MP9030 H H COC(CH₃)₃ MP9031 H H COCH₂(CH₃)₃ MP9032 H H COCH₃ MP9033 H H C(O)N(CH₃)₂ MP9034 H H C(O)N(CH₃)Et MP9035 H H C(O)N(CH₃)iPr MP9036 H H C(O)N(CH₃)iBu MP9037 H H C(O)NH(CH₃) MP9038 H H C(O)NH(Et) MP9039 H H C(O)NH(iPr) MP9040 H H C(O)NH(iBu)

TABLE 5

Compound R R¹ R² R⁶ MP9021 NECA H H CH₂OH MP9022 NECA H H CO₂H JR3251 NECA H H CO₂Me JR3279 NECA H H CO₂Et MP9027 CH₂OH H H CO₂Me MP9028 NECA H H CO₂MeCH₂OAc MP9015 CH₂OH H H CH₂OAc MP9016 NECA H H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ MP9017 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NHBoc MP9018 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NH₂ MP9019 NECA H H CONHCH₂CH₃ MP9020 NECA H H CONH₂ MP9023 NECA H H CONHMe MP9024 NECA H H CH₂CH₃ MP9025 NECA H H COCH₃ MP9026 NECA H H CHCH₃(OH) NECA = CH₃CH₂N(H)C(O)—

TABLE 6

Compound R R¹ R² R⁶ MP9001 NECA H H CH₂OH MP9002 NECA H H CO₂H JR3253 NECA H H CO₂Me MP9003 CH₂OH H H CO₂Me MP9004 NECA H H CH₂OAc MP9005 CH₂OH H H CH₂OAc MP9006 NECA H H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ MP9007 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NHBoc MP9008 NECA H H COOCH₂CH₂NH₂ MP9009 NECA H H CONHCH₂CH₃ MP9010 NECA H H CONH₂ MP9011 NECA H H CONHMe MP9012 NECA H H CH₂CH₃ MP9013 NECA H H COCH₃ MP9014 NECA H H CHCH₃(OH) NECA = CH₃CH₂N(H)C(O)—

TABLE 7

Compound R Y Y′ R6 RJ1111 NECA CH CH CO₂Me RJ1112 NECA CH N CO₂Me RJ1113 NECA N CH CO₂Me RJ1114 NECA N N CO₂Me RJ1115 NECA CH CH CH₂OH RJ1116 NECA CH N CH₂OH RJ1117 NECA N CH CH₂OH RJ1118 NECA N N CH₂OH RJ1119 NECA CH CH CO₂H RJ1120 NECA CH N CO₂H RJ1121 NECA N CH CO₂H RJ1122 NECA N N CO₂H RJ1123 NECA CH CH CH₂OAc RJ1124 NECA CH N CH₂OAc RJ1125 NECA N CH CH₂OAc RJ1126 NECA N N CH₂OAc RJ1127 NECA CH CH CONH₂ RJ1128 NECA CH N CONH₂ RJ1129 NECA N CH CONH₂ RJ1130 NECA N N CONH₂ RJ1131 NECA CH CH CONHMe RJ1132 NECA CH N CONHMe RJ1133 NECA N CH CONHMe RJ1134 NECA N N CONHMe RJ1135 NECA CH CH CO₂tBu RJ1136 NECA CH N CO₂tBu RJ1137 NECA N CH CO₂tBu RJ1138 NECA N N CO₂tBu RJ1139 NECA CH CH CO₂Et RJ1140 NECA CH N CO₂Et RJ1141 NECA N CH CO₂Et RJ1142 NECA N N CO₂Et RJ1143 NECA CH CH CO₂iBu RJ1144 NECA CH N CO₂iBu RJ1145 NECA N CH CO₂iBu RJ1146 NECA N N CO₂iBu RJ1147 NECA CH CH CO₂iPr RJ1148 NECA CH N CO₂iPr RJ1149 NECA N CH CO₂iPr RJ1150 NECA N N CO₂iPr RJ1151 NECA CH CH COMe RJ1152 NECA CH N COMe RJ1153 NECA N CH COMe RJ1154 NECA N N COMe RJ1155 NECA CH CH COC(CH₃)₃ RJ1156 NECA CH N COC(CH₃)₃ RJ1157 NECA N CH COC(CH₃)₃ RJ1158 NECA N N COC(CH₃)₃ RJ1159 NECA CH CH COCH₂(CH₃)₃ RJ1160 NECA CH N COCH₂(CH₃)₃ RJ1161 NECA N CH COCH₂(CH₃)₃ RJ1162 NECA N N COCH₂(CH₃)₃ RJ1163 NECA CH CH C(O)N(CH₃)₂ RJ1164 NECA CH N C(O)N(CH₃)₂ RJ1165 NECA N CH C(O)N(CH₃)₂ RJ1166 NECA N N C(O)N(CH₃)₂ RJ1167 NECA CH CH C(O)N(CH₃)Et RJ1168 NECA CH N C(O)N(CH₃)Et RJ1169 NECA N CH C(O)N(CH₃)Et RJ1170 NECA N N C(O)N(CH₃)Et RJ1171 NECA CH CH C(O)N(CH₃)iPr RJ1172 NECA CH N C(O)N(CH₃)iPr RJ1173 NECA N CH C(O)N(CH₃)iPr RJ1174 NECA N N C(O)N(CH₃)iPr RJ1175 NECA CH CH C(O)N(CH₃)iBu RJ1176 NECA CH N C(O)N(CH₃)iBu RJ1177 NECA N CH C(O)N(CH₃)iBu RJ1178 NECA N N C(O)N(CH₃)iBu RJ1179 NECA CH CH C(O)NH(Et) RJ1180 NECA CH N C(O)NH(Et) RJ1181 NECA N CH C(O)NH(Et) RJ1182 NECA N N C(O)NH(Et) RJ1183 NECA CH CH C(O)NH(iPr) RJ1184 NECA CH N C(O)NH(iPr) RJ1185 NECA N CH C(O)NH(iPr) RJ1186 NECA N N C(O)NH(iPr) RJ1187 NECA CH CH C(O)NH(iBu) RJ1188 NECA CH N C(O)NH(iBu) RJ1189 NECA N CH C(O)NH(iBu) RJ1190 NECA N N C(O)NH(iBu) RJ1191 NECA CH CH CH₂OCOCH₃ RJ1192 NECA N CH CH₂OCOCH₃ RJ1193 NECA CH CH CH₂OCOEt RJ1194 NECA N CH CH₂OCOEt RJ1195 NECA CH CH CH₂OCOiPr RJ1196 NECA N CH CH₂OCOiPr RJ1197 NECA CH CH CH₂OCOiBu RJ1198 NECA N CH CH₂OCOiBu NECA = CH₃CH₂N(H)C(O)—

The following abbreviations have been used herein:

2-Aas 2-alkynyladenosines; ¹²⁵I-ABA N⁶-(4-amino-3-¹²⁵iodo-benzyl)adenosine APCI Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ATL146e 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxy- tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl} cyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester; CCPA 2-chloro-N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine; CGS21680 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5′-N-ethyl- carboxamidoadenosine; Cl-IB-MECA N⁶-3-iodo-2-chlorobenzyladenosine-5′-N- methyluronamide; CPA N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine DMF dimethylformamide DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DMSO-d₆ deuterated dimethylsulfoxide EtOAc ethyl acetate eq equivalent GPCR G protein coupled receptor; hA_(2A)AR, Recombinant human A_(2A) adenosine receptor; IADO 2-Iodoadenosine ¹²⁵I-APE, 2-[2-(4-amino-3-[¹²⁵I]iodophenyl)ethylamino] adenosine; NECA, 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; IB-MECA N⁶-3-iodobenzyladenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide; 2-Iodoadenosine 5-(6-amino-2-iodo-purin-9-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2carboxylic acid ethylamide HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry ¹²⁵I-ZM241385, ¹²⁵I-4-(2[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a] [1,3,5]-triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol; INECA 2-iodo-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine LC/MS liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry m.p. melting point MHz megahertz MRS 1220, N-(9-chloro-2-furan-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]- quinazolin-5-yl)-2-phenylacetamide; MS mass spectrometry NECA N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine NMR nuclear magnetic resonance RP-HPLC reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl TBDMSCl tert-butyldimethylsilylchloride TEA triethylamine TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuan TLC thin layer chromatography p-TSOH para-toluenesulfonic acid XAC 8-(4-((2-a-minoethyl)aminocarbonyl-methyloxy)- phenyl)-1-3-dipropylxanthine;

Compounds of the invention can generally be prepared as illustrated in Schemes 1A and 1B below. Starting materials can be prepared by procedures described in these schemes, procedures described in the General methods below or by procedures that would be well known to one of ordinary skill in organic chemistry. The variables used in Schemes 1A and Scheme 1B are as defined herein or as in the claims.

The preparation of alkynyl cycloalkanols is illustrated in Scheme 1A. A solution of an appropriate cycloalkanone (where j is from 0–5) is prepared in a solvent such as THF. A solution of a suitable ethynylmagnesium halide compound in a solvent is added to the cycloalkanone. After addition, the solution is allowed to stir at about 20° C. for about 20 hours. The reaction is monitored via TLC until the starting material is consumed. The reaction is quenched with water, filtered over a plug of sand and silica, washed with a solvent, such as EtOAc, and evaporated to provide the product. Typically, two products are formed, the isomers formed by the axial/equatorial addition of the alkyne (where m is as defined above, and the sum of m1 and m2 is from 0 to about 7) to the ketone. The compounds are purified via flash chromatography using EtOAc/Hexanes to provide the product.

The preparation of 2-alkynyladenosines is illustrated in Scheme 1B. A flame-dried round bottom under nitrogen is charged with 5-(6-Amino-2-iodo-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (NECA 2-Iodoadenosine) and a solvent such as DMF. The appropriate alkyne, wherein R is a —(CR₁R₂)_(m)Z group, is dissolved in acetonitrile followed by TEA, 5 mole % Pd(PPh3)4, and CuI. All solvents are thoroughly degassed.

The solution is allowed to stir for about 24 hours at room temperature, and monitored until complete by HPLC. If the reaction is not complete after this time, additional catalyst, CuI, and TEA are added. After the reaction is complete, the solvents are removed under high-vacuum and the residue taken up in a small amount of DMF. This product is isolated using preparative silica TLC. The product is purified by RP-HPLC.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, malate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.

The compounds of formula I can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, such as a human patient in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e., orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or subcutaneous routes.

Thus, the present compounds may be systemically administered, e.g., orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. They may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed into tablets, or may be incorporated directly with the food of the patient's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the active compound may be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound. The percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained.

The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active compound may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.

The active compound may also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Solutions of the active compound or its salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form must be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.

For topical administration, the present compounds may be applied in pure form, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid, a liquid or in a dermatological patch.

Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like. Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the present compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using pump-type or aerosol sprayers.

Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user.

Examples of useful dermatological compositions, which can be used to deliver the compounds of formula I to the skin are disclosed in Jacquet et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392), Geria (U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,478), Smith et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157) and Wortzman (U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,508).

Useful dosages of the compounds of formula I can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949. Useful dosages of Type IV PDE inhibitors are known to the art. For example, see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,180, Col. 12.

Generally, the concentration of the compound(s) of formula (I) in a liquid composition, such as a lotion, will be from about 0.1–25% wt-%, preferably from about 0.5–10 wt-%. The concentration in a semi-solid or solid composition such as a gel or a powder will be about 0.1–5 wt-%, preferably about 0.5–2.5 wt-%.

The amount of the compound, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.

In general, however, a suitable dose will be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 100 μg/kg, e.g., from about 10 to about 75 μg/kg of body weight per day, such as 3 to about 50 μg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, preferably in the range of 6 to 90 μg/kg/day, most preferably in the range of 15 to 60 μg/kg/day.

The compound is conveniently administered in unit dosage form; for example, containing 5 to 1000 μg, conveniently 10 to 750 μg, most conveniently, 50 to 500 μg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.

Ideally, the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 0.1 to about 10 nM, preferably, about 0.2 to 10 nM, most preferably, about 0.5 to about 5 nM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a 0.05 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or orally administered as a bolus containing about 1–100 μg of the active ingredient. Desirable blood levels may be maintained by continuous infusion to provide about 0.01–5.0 μg/kg/hr or by intermittent infusions containing about 0.4–15 μg/kg of the active ingredient(s).

The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations; such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator or by application of a plurality of drops into the eye. For example, it is desirable to administer the present compositions intravenously over an extended period of time following the insult that gives rise to inflammation.

The ability of a given compound of the invention to act as an A_(2A) adenosine receptor agonist (or antagonist) may be determined using pharmacological models which are well known to the art, or using tests described below.

The invention will be further described by reference to the following detailed examples, which are given for illustration of the invention, and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

All melting points were determined with a Thomas Hoover capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for proton (¹H NMR) were recorded on a 300 MHz GE spectrophotometer. The chemical shift values are expressed in ppm (parts per million) relative to tetramethylsilane. For data reporting, s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, and m=multiplet. Mass spectra were measured on a Finnigan LcQ Classic. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data was provided by the Nebraska Center for Mass Spectrometry. Analytical HPLC was done on a Waters 2690 Separation Module with a Waters Symmetry C8 (2.1×150 mm) column operated at room temperature. Compounds were eluted at 200 μL/min with 70:30 acetonitrile:water, containing 0.5% acetic acid, with UV detection at 214 nm using a Waters 486 Tunable Detector. Preparative HPLC was performed on a Shimadzu Discovery HPLC with a Shim-pack VP-ODS C₁₈ (20×100 mm) column operated at room temperature. Compounds were eluted at 30 mL/min with a gradient 20–80% of water (containing 0.1% TFA) to methanol over 15 minutes with UV detection at 214 nm using a SPD10A VP Tunable detector. All final compounds presented here were determined to be greater than 98% pure by HPLC. Flash chromatography was performed on Silicyle 60A gel (230–400 mesh) or using reusable chromatography columns and system from RT Scientific, Manchester NH. Analytical thin-layer chromatography was done on Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 aluminum sheets. Preparative thin-layer chromatography was done using 1000 micron Analtech Uniplate with silica gel. All reactions were done under a nitrogen atmosphere in flame-dried glassware unless otherwise stated.

General Method 1: Preparation of Alkynyl Cyclohexanols.

To a solution of about 10 mmol of the appropriate cyclohexanone in about 50 mL of THF is added to about 60 mL (30 mmol) of 0.5 M ethynylmagnesium bromide in THF. The solution is allowed to stir at about 20° C. for about 20 hours. After the starting material had been consumed, monitored by TLC, the reaction is quenched with about 5 mL of water, filtered over a plug of sand and silica, washed with EtOAc, and evaporated to yield a yellow oil. Usually the oil contained two spots on TLC with 20% EtOAc/Hexanes, which are visualized with Vanillin. Usually these two products are the different isomers formed by the axial/equatorial addition of the alkyne to the ketone. The compounds are purified via flash chromatography using 10% EtOAc/Hexanes to provide clear oils or white solids in a yield of about 50–80 %.

General Method 2: Preparation of Propargyl Piperadines/Piperazines.

To a solution of of the appropriate piperazine/piperadine(about 10.0 mmol), in about 20 mL acetonitrile, is added about 12.0 mmol of propargyl bromide (80% stabilized in toluene) and about 50.0 mmol of anhydrous potassium carbonate. The reaction mixture is filtered, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is taken up in about 50 mL of dichloromethane/water and the organic layers removed. The aqueous layer is washed with an additional 3×25 mL dichloromethane. The organic layer is dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to provide the crude product, which is purified using column chromatography.

General Method 3: Preparation of Modified Piperadines/Piperazines.

To about 100 mg of the appropriate Boc-protected piperazine/piperadine is added 2–4 mL of neat TFA. The solution is allowed to stir for 6 hours. The TFA is removed under reduced pressure to yield a yellow oil. This oil is taken up in about 10 mL of dichloromethane to which is added 10-fold excess of TEA and 3 equivalents of the appropriate acyl chloride. The yellow solution is allowed to stir at room temperature for about 12 hours, after which time the solvents are removed and the product purified using a 1.1×30 cm 14 g column from Robert Thompson Scientific with a 5%–30% gradient of ethyl acetate/hexanes.

General Method 4: Preparation of 2-AAs (2-Alkynyladenosines).

A flame-dried 25 mL round bottom under nitrogen is charged with 5-(6-amino-2-iodo-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (2-Iodoadenosine) (about 40 mg) (X═CH₃CH₂NHC(O)—) and dissolved in about 2 mL of DMF. The appropriate alkyne (approx. 0.1 mL) is then added followed by about 4 mL of acetonitrile and about 0.1 mL of TEA. All three solvents had been degassed with nitrogen for at least 24 hours. To this solution is added 5 mole percent Pd(PPh₃)₄ and 6 mole % copper iodide. The yellowish solution is allowed to stir for 24 hours at room temperature, or until complete by HPLC. If the reaction is not complete at this time, additional catalyst, CuI, and TEA are added. After the reaction is complete, the solvents are removed under high-vacuum and the red/black residue taken back up in a small amount of DMF. This solution is added to a preparative silica TLC plate (Analtech 1000 microns, 20 cm×20 cm) and eluted first with 120 mL of 40% Hexanes/CH₂Cl₂, and then again after addition of 40 mL of MeOH. The UV active band (usually yellow in color) in the middle of the plate is collected, slowly washed with 4×25 mL 20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, and concentrated. This product is then purified by RP-HPLC.

Preparation 1: [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(2-amino-6-oxohyropurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate (6.2)

A suspension of 113 g (0.4 mol) of dry guanosine (6.1), acetic anhydride (240 mL, 2.5 mol), dry pyridine (120 mL) and dry DMF (320 mL) was heated for 3.75 hours at 75° C. without allowing the temperature to exceed 80° C. The clear solution was then transferred to a 3L Erlenmyer flask and filled with 2-propanol. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature crystallization was initiated and allowed to proceed at 4° C. overnight. The white solid filtrate was filtered, washed with 2-propanol and recrystallized from 2-propanol to provide 6.2 (96%). ¹H NMR (300 Mhz, CDCl₃) 8.20 (s, 1H, H-8), 6.17 (d, J=5.41 Hz, 1 H, H-1 ) 5.75 (t, J=5.39 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.56 (t, J=5.0, H-3), 4.41 (m, 3H, H-4,5), 2.14 (s, 3H, Ac), 2.11 (s, 3H, Ac), 2.10 (s, 3H, Ac). ¹³C NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) 171.0, 170.3, 1702, 157.7, 154.8, 152.4, 136.7, 117.7, 85.5, 80.4, 73.0, 71.3, 64.0, 31.3, 21.2, 21.0.

Preparation 2: [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(2-amino-6-chloropurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate (6.3)

To a 1 L flask was added 80 g (0.195 mol) [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-4-diacetyloxy-5-(2-amino-6-oxohyropurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]meth yl acetate (6.2), tetramethylammonium chloride (44 g, 0.4 mol), anhydrous acetonitrile (400 mL) and N,N-dimethlaniline (25 mL). The flask was placed in an ice salt bath and cooled to 2° C. To this solution was added dropwise POCl₃ (107 mL 1.15 mol) at a rate that maintained the temperature below 5° C. (45 minutes). The flask was then removed from the ice bath, outfitted with a condenser, placed in an oil bath and allowed to reflux for 10 minutes. The solution changed to a red/brown color. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield an oily residue which was transferred to a beaker containing 1000 g of ice and 400 mL of CHCl₃ and allowed to stir for 1.5 hours to decompose any remaining POCl₃. The organic phase was removed and the aqueous phase extracted with 3×50 mL of CHCl₃ and pooled with the organic phase. The pooled organic layeres were back extracted with 50 mL of water followed by stirring with 200 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The organic layer was further extracted with NaHCO₃ until the aqueous extract was neutral (2×). The organic layer was finally extracted with brine and dried over MgSO₄ for 16 hours. To the solution was added 800 mL of 2-propanol after which the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the oily solid was added 200 mL of 2-propanol and the solution was refrigerated overnight. The crystalline product was filtered, washed, and allowed to dry overnight to give 6.3 (77%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) 8.31 (s, 1H, H-8), 7.00 (s, 2H, NH₂) 6.06 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H, H-1), 5.83 (t, J=6.16 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.67 (m, 1H, H-3), 4.29 (m, 3H, H-4,5), 2.07 (s, 3H, Ac), 1.99 (s, 3H, Ac), 1.98 (s, 3H, Ac). ¹³C NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) 171.0, 170.4, 170.2, 160.8, 154.6, 150.8, 142.2, 124.5, 85.8, 80.6, 72.8, 71.2, 63.9, 21.4, 21.3, 21.1.

Preparation 3: [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(6-chloro-2-iodopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate (6.4)

Isoamyl nitrite (5 mL, 37 mmol) was added to a mixture of 5.12 g (12 mmol) [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-,4-diacetyloxy-5-(2-amino-6-chloropurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl 1 acetate (6.3), I₂ (3.04 g, 12 mmol), CH₂I₂ (10 mL, 124 mmol), and CuI (2.4 g, 12.6 mmol) in THF (60 mL). The mixture was heated under reflux for 45 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. To this solution was added 100 ml of saturated Na₂S₂O₃. This step removed the reddish color. The aqueous layer was extracted 3× with chloroform, which was pooled, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was then purified over a silica gel column using CHCl₃-MeOH (98:2) to collect [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(6-chloro-2-iodopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate (6.4) (80% crystallized from EtOH). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.20 (s, 1H H-8), 6.17 (d, J=5.41 Hz, 1H, H-1), 5.75 (t, J=5.39 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.56 (t, J=5.40Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.38 (m, 3H, H-4,5), 2.14 (s, 1H, Ac), 2.11 (s, 1H, Ac), 2.10 (s, 1H, Ac).

Preparation 4: (4S,2R,3R,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxy-methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (6.5)

To a flask containing 6.0 g (11.1 mmol) [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(6-chloro-2-iodopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate (6.4) was added 100 ml of liquid NH₃ at −78° C. and the solution was allowed to stir for 6 hours. After which time it was allowed to come to room temperature overnight with concurrent evaporation of the NH₃ to yield a brown oil. The product was crystallized from hot isopropanol to provide 6.5 (80%), m.p. 143–145° C., r.f.=0.6 in 20% MeOH/CHCl₃. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 2H), 5.75 (d, J=6.16, 1H), 5.42 (d, J=5.40 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=4.62 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=5.39 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=4.81 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=3.37 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.54 (m, 2H).

Preparation 5: [(1R,2R,4R,5R)-4-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-7-7-dimethyl-3,6,8-trioxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-yl]methan-1-ol (6.6)

To a solution of 2.0 g (5.08 mmol) (4S,2R,3R,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-5(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (6.6) in 100 mL acetone was added 9.6 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 5 ml of dimethoxypropane. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Solid NaHCO₃, 15 g, was added to the solution. The slurry was stirred for an additional 3 hours. The residue was filtered and washed 2× with EtOAc. The filtrate was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column with MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:99) to give 6.6 (72%) as a solid, m.p. 185–187° C. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.22 (s, 1H, H-8), 7.69 (s, 2H), NH₂), 6.00 (d, J=2.70 Hz, 1H, H-1), 5.21 (m, 1H, H-2), 5.07 (bs, 1H, OH), 4.88 (m, 1H, H-3), 4.13 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.47 (m, 2H, H-5), 1.49 and 1.28 (s, 3H, C(CH₃)₂).

Preparation 6: (2S,1R,4R,5R)-4-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-7,7-dimethyl-3,6,8-trioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-carboxylic acid (6.7)

To a stirred solution of 1.6 g (3.7 mmol) of [(1R,2R,4R,5R)-4-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-7-7-dimethyl-3,6,8-trioxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-yl]methan-1-ol (6.6) in 200 mL of H₂O was added 0.60 g of KOH and, dropwise, a solution of 1.70 g (10.8 mml) of KMnO₄ in 50 mL of H₂O. The mixture was placed in the dark at room temperature for 2–4 days. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 5–10° C. and decolorized by a solution of 4 mL of 30% H₂O₂ in 16 mL of water, while the temperature was maintained below 10° C. using an ice-salt bath. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to about 10 mL and then acidified to pH 4 with 2N HCl. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and washed with ether to yield 6.7 (70%) after drying as a white solid, m.p. 187–190 C. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.11 (s, 1H, H-8), 7.62 (s, 2H, NH₂), 7.46 (s, 1H, COOH), 6.22 (s, 1H, H-1), 5.42 (d, J=5.71 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.34 (d, J=6.16 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.63 (s, 1H, H-4), 1.46 and 1.30 (s, 3H, C(CH₃)₂).

Preparation 7: (2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolane-2-carboxylic acid (6.8)

A solution of 1.72 g (3.85 mmol) of (2S,1R,4R,5R)-4-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-7,7-dimethyl-3,6,8-trioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-carboxylic acid (6.7) in 80 mL of 50% HCOOH was stirred at 80° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, dissolved in H₂O, and the solvent was evaporated again. This process was repeated until there was no odor of formic acid in the residue. Recrystallization from water provided 1.33 g (85%) 6.8 as a white solid, m.p. 221–223° C., dec. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.31 (s, 1H, H-8), 7.68 (s, 2H, NH₂), 5.90 (d, J=6.55 Hz, 1H, H-1H), 4.42(m, 1H, H-2), 4.35 (d, J=2.31 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.22 (m, 1H, H-3).

Preparation 8: [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-N-ethylcarboxamide (6.9).

To a cooled (5° C.) and stirred solution of 1.29 g (3.17 mmol) of (2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolane-2-carboxylic acid (6.8) in 150 mL of absolute ethanol was added dropwise 1.15 mL of ice-cooled SOCl₂. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then brought to pH 8 with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The mixture was filtered, and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a white solid which was dried and then redissolved in 20 mL of dry ethylamine at −20° C. for 3 hours and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with absolute ethanol, and the precipitated product was filtered off and washed with dry ether to provide 530 mg (72%) of 6.9 as a pure solid, m.p. 232–234° C. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.34 (s, 1H, H-8), 8.12 (t, 1H, NH), 7.73 (s, 2H, NH₂), 5.85, (d, J=6.93 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.54 (m, 1H, H-2), 4.25 (d, J=1.92 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.13 (m, 1H, H-3), 3.28 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₃), 1.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃).

Preparation 9: [4-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-cyclohexyl]-methanol (83)

To a 100 mL-flask containing 79 (4.0 g, 27.8 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was added TBDMSCl (3.56 g, 23.6 mmol) and imidazole (3.79 g, 55.6 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at 25° C. for 16 hours after which time saturated aqueous LiBr (50 mL) was added and the reaction extracted with ether (2×50 mL). The ether layers were pooled and extracted again with LiBr (2×35 mL). The ether layer became clear. The ether layer was then concentrated in vacuo and the product purified by flash chromatography, on a silica gel column, eluting with 1:2 ether/petroleum ether to yield 83 (3.80 g, 62%) as a homogenous oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.46 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.95–1.72 (m, 4H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.40 (m, 1H), 1.03–0.89 (m, 4H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 69.2, 69.1, 41.2, 41.1, 29.5, 26.5, 18.9, −4.8;. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 259 (MH⁺, 100).

Preparation 10: Toluene-4-sulfonic acid 4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-cyclohexylmethyl ester (84)

To a 100 mL-flask containing 83 (3.4 g, 13.2 mmol) in CHCl₃ (30 mL) was added tosyl chloride (3.26 g, 17.1 mmol) and pyidine (3.2 mL, 39.6 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at 25° C. for 14 hours after which time the reaction was concentrated in vacuo to yield a wet white solid. To this solid was added ether (50 mL) and the solid was filtered and subsequently washed with additional ether (2×50 mL). The ether layers were pooled, concentrated in vacuo to yield a clear oil which was purified by flash chromatography, on a silica gel column, eluting with 1:4 ether/petroleum ether to yield 84 (4.5 g, 83%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.78 (d, J=7.7, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 3,81 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (d, J=6.2, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.95–1.72 (m, 4H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.40 (m, 1 H), 1.03–0.89 (m, 4H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 145.1, 133.7, 130.3, 128.4, 75.8, 68.9, 40.7, 38.0, 29.1, 26.5, 22.1, 18.9, −4.9; APCI m/z (rel intensity) 413 (MH⁺, 100).

Preparation 11: (4-Prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexyl)-methanol (86)

A 3-neck 250 mL-flask equipped with a gas inlet tube and dry-ice condenser was cooled to −78° C. and charged with liquid ammonia (40 mL). To the reaction mixture was added lithium wire (600 mg, 86.4 mmol) generating a deep blue solution. The mixture was allowed to stir for 1 hour. Acetylene, passed through a charcoal drying tube, was added to the ammonia until all the lithium had reacted and the solution turned colorless, at which time the flow of acetylene was stopped, the acetylene-inlet tube and condenser removed and the flask outfitted with a thermometer. DMSO (20 mL) was added and the ammonia evaporated with a warm water bath until the mixture reached a temperature of 30° C. The solution was stirred at this temperature for 2 hours until the solution stopped bubbling. The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and compound 84 (11.25 g, 27.3 mmol), in DMSO (10 mL), was added. The temperature was maintained at 5° C. The mixture was allowed to stir at 5° C. for 0.5 hours. Then the solution was gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 18 hours. The brown/black reaction mixture was poured slowly over ice (300 g) and extracted with ether (4×100 mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow oil. The oil was subsequently dissolved in THF (200 mL) and changed to a brownish color upon addition of TBAF hydrate (11.20 g, 35.5 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir for 24 hours under N₂ atmosphere. After stirring, the reaction was quenched with water (200 mL) and extracted with ether (3×100 mL). The ether extracts were combined and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography, on a silica gel column, eluting with 1:1 ether/petroleum ether to yield 86 (3.91 g, 93%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.45 (d, J=6.2, 2H), 2.10 (d, J=6.2, 2H), 1.9 (s, 1H), 1.94–1.69 (m, 4H), 1.52–1.34 (m, 2H), 1.16 –0.83 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 83.8, 69.5, 69.0, 40.8, 37.7, 32.3, 29.7, 26.5.

Preparation 12: (4-prop-2-ynylcyclohexyl)methyl acetate (87)

To a solution of 960 mg (6.31 mmol) of 86 in 6 mL DMF was added 0.62 mL (7.57 mmol) pyridine and 0.78 mL (8.27mmol) acetic anhydride. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. After 16 hours, starting material still remained. The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. for 3 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a yellow oil which was purified by flash chromatography, on silica gel, eluting with 1:3 ether/petroleum ether to yield 1.12 g (91%) of 87 as an oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.87 (d, J=6.2Hz, 2H), 2.06 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.98–1.93 (m, 1H), 1.92–1.83 (m, 2H), 1.83–1.74 (m, 2H), 1.63–1.36 (m, 2H), 1.12–0.90 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 171.7, 83.7, 69.9, 69.6, 37.4, 37.3, 32.1, 29.7, 26.5, 21.4; APCI m/z (rel intensity) 195 (M⁺, 30), 153 (M⁺, 70), 135 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 13: 4-prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (88)

A solution of chromium trioxide (600 mg, 6.0 mmol) in 1.5 M H₂SO₄ (2.6 mL, 150 mmol) was cooled to 5° C. and added to a solution of 86 (280 mg, 1.84 mmol) in acetone (15 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. Isopropanol (4 mL) was added to the green/black solution, which turned light blue after 1 hr. After adding water (15 mL), the solution was extracted with CHCl₃ (6×25 mL). The organic layers were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in ether (50 mL) and extracted with 1 M NaOH (2×30 mL). The basic extracts were pooled, acidified w/10% HCl, and re-extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The ether layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to yield a white solid. The product was recrystallized from acetone/water to yield 88 (222 mg, 73%) as white needles: mp 84–85° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.30–2.23 (m, 1H), 2.17–2.11 (m, 2H), 2.07–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.97–1.91 (m, 3H), 1.51–1.39 (m, 3H), 1.13–1.01 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 182.5, 83.8, 69.6, 40.7, 37.7, 32.3, 29.6, 26.5; APCI m/z (rel intensity) 165 (M⁻, 100).

Preparation 14: Methyl 4-prop-2-ynylcyclohexanecarboxylate (89)

To a solution of 88 (240 mg, 1.45 mmol) in 7:3 CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (10 mL) was added TMS Diazomethane (2.0 M in hexanes) (0.9 mL, 1.8 mmol) in 0.2 ml aliquots until the color remained yellow. The reaction was allowed to stir for an additional 0.25 hours at room temperature. After stirring, glacial acetic acid was added dropwise until the solution became colorless. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo to an oil which was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using ether:petroleum ether (1:9) to yield 89 (210 mg, 80%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.60 (s, 3H), 2.25–2.13 (m, 1H), 2.08–1.94 (m, 3H), 1.95–1.90 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.31 (m, 3H), 1.10–0.93 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 176.7, 83.3, 69.8, 51.9, 43.4, 36.7, 31.9, 29.2, 26.3; APCI m/z (rel intensity) 181 (MH⁺, 100).

Preparation 15: Trans[4-(1-Propargyl)cyclohexylmethyl] methyl carbonate (90)

Yield: 345 mg, 81%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.98–1.07, 1.40–1.52, 1.57–1.70, 1.78–1.93 (4×m, 10H, cyclohexyl), 1.96 (t, 1H, acetylene), 2.10 (dd, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CCH), 3.78 (s, 3H, —OCH₃), 3.96 (d, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—).

Preparation 16: Trans[4-(1-Propargyl)cyclohexylmethyl] iso-butyl carbonate (91)

Yield: 433 mg, 83%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.95 (d, 4H, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 0.98–1.09, 1.40–1.51, 1.57–1.70, 1.78–1.93 (4×m, 10H, cyclohexyl), 1.94–2.04 (m, 1H, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 1.96 (t, 1H, acetylene), 2.10 (dd, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CCH), 3.91, 3.95 (2×d, 4H, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—).

Preparation 17: Trans[4-(1-Propargyl)cyclohexylmethyl] benzyl carbonate (92)

Yield: 340 mg, 69%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.97–1.08, 1.40–1.49, 1.55–1.69, 1.77–1.93 (4×m, 10H, cyclohexyl), 1.96 (t, 1H, acetylene), 2.10 (dd, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CCH), 3.98 (d, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—), 5.15 (s, 2H, —OCH₂Ph), 7.33–7.40 (m, 5H, Ar).

Preparation 18: 4-(Toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3215)

A solution of N-Boc-4-piperidinemethanol, 5.0 g (23.2 mmol) in chloroform, 50 mL, was prepared. Toluene sulfonyl chloride, 5.75 g (30.2 mmol), in 5.6 mL of pyridine (69.6 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred under nitrogen allowed to stir for 24 hours. Standard workup and chromatographic purification provided the title compound. Yield 6.0 g

Preparation 19: (R)-1-Ethynyl-(R)-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (JR3217A), (S)-1-Ethynyl-(R)-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (JR3217B)

To a solution of 1.0 g (8.9 mmol) (R)-(+)-3-methyl-cyclohexanone in 50 mL of THF was added 54 mL (26.7 mmol) of 0.5 M ethynylmagnesium bromide in THF. The solution was allowed to stir at 20° C. for 20 hours. Analysis by TLC indicated that the starting material had been consumed. The reaction was quenched with 5 mL of water, filtered over a plug of sand and silica, washed with EtOAc, and evaporated to yield 1.15 g of a yellow oil containing two spots (r.f.'s 0.33 (minor, JR3217A) and 0.25 (major, JR3217B), 20% EtOAc/Hexanes) which were visualized with Vanillin. The compound was purified via flash chromatography using 10% EtOAc/Hexanes (225 mL silica) to provide JR3217A and JR3217B.

Preparation 20: 1-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3249)

The title compound was prepared starting with 4.0 g (22.3 mmol) of methylpipecolinate hydrochloride according to general method 2.

Preparation 21: 1-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3245)

To a solution of methyl isonipecotate 3.5 g (24,4 mmol, 3.30 mL) in 100 mL dichloromethane was added TEA (1.5 eq, 36.6 mmol, 5.1 mL), propargyl bromide (3.0 eq, 73.2 mmol, 6.5 ml), at room temperature for 36 hrs. The reaction was quenched with 35 mL water to yield to provide a clear solution. The solution was extracted with dichloromethane 2×25 mL, dried with Na2SO4, and the solvent evaporated to provide a yellow oil. r.f. (40% EtOAc/Hexanes) 0.26 stains faint white with Vanillin, starting material r.f. 0.05 stains yellow with Vanillin. The product appeared pure after extraction.

Preparation 22: 1-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3271)

The title compound was prepared starting with 2.0 g (12.7 mmol) of ethyl isonipecotate according to general method 2.

Preparation 23: 4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3275)

To a solution of 10.0 g (54.8 mmol) of tert-butyl-1-piperazine carboxylate in 60 mL acetonitile was added 5.20 mL (60.4 mmol) propargyl bromide and 37.9 g (274 mmol) anhydrous potassium carbonate. Additional propargy bromide, 1.5 mL, was added after stirring for 36 hours at room temperature. The residue was evaporated to dryness. Dichloromethane, 50 mL, and water, 50 mL, were added. The reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, 4×40 mL, dried over magnesium sulfate, and evaporate to provide a brown oil. The oil was dissolved in dichloromethane and purify with a RT Scientific system using hexane/ethyl acetate gradient to yield 5.5 g (46%) of yellow oil, which ultimately crystallized upon standing.

Preparation 24: 4-Cyanomethyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3287)

To a solution of 3 g (19.0 mmol) of ethyl N-piperazinecarboxylate in 25 mL of CH₃CN was added 1.57 g (1.32 mL 20.1 mmol) of 2-chloroacetonitrile and 15.6 g (95 mmol) K₂CO₃.1½H₂O. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was analyzed using TLC (35% Ethyl acetate/Hexanes, product r.f. 0.38 vs. sm r.f. of 0.02). The analysis indicated the reaction was complete. The golden yellow solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was extracted with CH₂C₁₂/H₂O, dried with MgSO₄, and concentrated.

Preparation 25: 5-Prop-2-ynyl-2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR4013)

The title compound was prepared starting with 500 mg (2.52 mmol) of 2,5-Diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester according to general method 2.

Preparation 26: 1-Cyclohexyl-4-prop-2-ynyl-piperazine (JR4019)

The title compound was prepared starting with 3 g (17.9 mmol) of 1-cyclohexylpiperazine according to general method 2

Preparation 27: 1-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine (JR4029)

To a flame-dried 25 mL round bottom flask under nitrogen was added 2.1 g of 4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. To this solid was added 5 mL of 98% TFA in 1 mL portions. The solution turned wine red, bubbled and smoked. The additional portions of TFA were added when this activity subsided. After the third portion of TFA had been added only minimal bubbling occurred. The solution was allowed to stir under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional hour and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the product as a thick red syrup. Assumed quantitative yield of 1.16 g. The residue was suspended in 20 mL dichloromethane and used immediately without further purification for the preparation of compounds JR4031, JR4033, and JR4035.

Preparation 28: 4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR4031)

The title compound was prepared starting with 385 mg (3.1 mmol) of JR4029 and using methylchloroformate according to general method 3.

Preparation 29: 4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid isobutyl ester (JR4035)

The title compound was prepared starting with 385 mg (3.1 mmol) of JR4029 and using isobutylchloroformate according to general method 3.

Preparation 30: 3,3-Dimethyl-1-(4-prop-2-ynyl-piperidin-1-yl)-butan-1-one (JR4041)

The title compound was prepared starting with tert-butyl ester (JR3257) and using tert-butylacetylchloride according to general method 3.

Preparation 31: 1-(4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanone (JR4043)

The title compound was prepared starting with 385 mg (3.1 mmol) of JR4029 and using acetyl chloride according to general method 3.

Preparation 32: Piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid mono-tert-butyl ester

To a solution of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (10 g, 77.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (21.4 g, 155 mmol) in 150 mL of water was prepared. A solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (16.9 g, 77.5 mmol) in 40 mL of THF was added dropwise via addition funnel at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature gradually over 30 minutes and stirred for an additional 4 hours. The THF was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous phase extracted with 50 mL of ether. The aqueous phase was then adjusted to pH 2 with 10% HCl and extracted with EtOAc, 4×50 mL. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to yield 17.2 g (97%) of JR3183 as a white solid. Rf=0.2 (35% EtOAc/Hexanes stained w/vanillin). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 11.83 (s, 1H), 3.98 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=11.8, 2H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=12.9 hz, 2H), 1.2 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 180.0, 154.8, 79.8, 42.9, 40.8, 28.3, 27.7. APCI m/z (rel intensity) M⁻228.2 (100).

Preparation 33

The following intermediate compounds are prepared using the general method 1 described herein and the appropriate starting materials.

(R)-1-Ethynyl-3-tert-butyl-cyclohexanol (JR3255A), (S)-1-Ethynyl-3-tert-butyl-cyclohexanol (JR3255B)

Toluene-4-sulfonic acid 4-prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexylmethyl ester (JR3077)

1-Ethyl-4-prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexane (JR3083)

1-(4-Prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexyl)-ethanone (JR3115)

1,1-Dicyclohexyl-prop-2-yn-1-ol (JR3127)

1-Cyclohexyl-prop-2-yn-1-ol (JR3129)

4-Ethyl-1-ethynyl-cyclohexanol (JR3143)

1-Ethynyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol

1-Ethynyl-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexanol (JR3151)

1-Ethynyl-4-phenyl-cyclohexanol (JR3153)

1-Ethynyl-2-methyl-cyclohexanol (JR3167B)

4-tert-Butyl-1-ethynyl-cyclohexanol (JR3191)

1-Ethynyl-3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexanol (JR3193)

Piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 4-methyl ester (JR3195)

4-Hydroxymethyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3199)

4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3211)

4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3257)

4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3267B)

2-(4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyrimidine (JR3277)

1-(4-Prop-2-ynyl-piperidin-1-yl)-ethanone (JR4037)

2,2-Dimethyl-1-(4-prop-2-ynyl-piperidin-1-yl)-propan-1-one (JR4039)

EXAMPLE 1 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (109)

The reaction of 110 with five equivalents of LiOH in THF/water for 6 hours gave 109 (7 mg, 72%) as a white solid which was crystallized from MeOH/H₂O(0.1% TFA) after purification by reverse phase HPLC. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 5.89 (d, J=7.25 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.08 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.15–1.99 (m, 1H), 1.92–1.76 (m, 4H), 1.52–1.38 (m, 1H), 1.38–1.19 (m, 2H), 1.02 (t, J=6.3 Hz 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d6) 176.7, 169.2, 155.6, 148.9, 145.2, 141.6, 119.0, 87.7, 85.0, 84.6, 81.6, 73.1, 71.9, 43.2, 35.9, 33.3, 31.2, 28.3, 25.6, 15.0. HRMS (FAB) m/z 474.2196 [(M+H)⁺ cacld for C₂₂H₂₉N₆O₆ 474.2182].

EXAMPLE 2 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan -2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (110)

The reaction of 89 with 2-IodoNECA under the general conditions described above provided 110 (74 mg, 60%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.69–4.65 (dd, J=7.7 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.31 (m, 2H), 2.31 (d, J=6.6Hz, 2H), 2.10–2.09 (m, 1H), 2.01–1.89 (m, 4H), 1.61–1.32 (m, 5H), 1.13 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 177.1, 171.1, 156.3, 149.3, 146.7, 142.4, 119.7 89.6, 86.0, 85.5, 81.6, 74.0, 72.2, 51.2, 43.2, 36.8, 34.2, 31.8, 28.9, 26.2, 14.4; HRMS (FAB) m/z 487.2325 [(M+H)⁺ cacld for C₂₃H₃₁N₆O₆ 487.2305].

EXAMPLE 3 Acetic acid 4-{3-[6-amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4- dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexylmethyl ester (111)

The reaction of 87 with 2-IodoNECA under the general conditions described above gave 111 (78 mg, 62%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.70–4.66 (dd, J=8.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J=1.2Hz, 1H), 4.25–4.23 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=6.5, 2H), 3.53–3.31 (m, 2H), 2.29 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.93–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.79–1.75 (m, 2H), 1.64–1.42 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.09–0.91 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 172.0, 171.2, 156.2, 149.3, 146.7, 142.5, 119.7, 89.6, 86.3, 85.5, 81.5, 74.0, 72.2, 69.6, 37.4, 37.2, 34.2, 32.1, 29.4, 26.4, 19.9, 14.5; HRMS (FAB) m/z 501.2469 [(M+H)⁺ cacld for C₂₄H₃₃N₆O₆ 501.2462].

EXAMPLE 4 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (112)

The reaction of 86 (30 mg, 0.2 mmol) with 2-IodoNECA (28 mg, 0.07 mmol) under the general conditions described above gave 112 (7 mg, 24%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70–4.66 (dd, J=7.7 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25–4.23 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 1.2Hz, 1H), 3.51–3.37 (m, 2H), 3.31 (d, J=6Hz, 2H), 2.30 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.94–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.83–1.78 (m, 2H), 1.64–1.42 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.09–0.91 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 170.3, 155.4,148.5, 146.0, 141.6, 118.8, 88.7, 85.5, 84.6, 80.6, 73.1, 71.3, 66.8, 39.6, 36.9, 33.3, 31.5, 28.6, 25.6, 13.5; HRMS (FAB) m/z 459.2373 [(M+H)⁺ cacld for C₂₂H₃₁N₆O₅ 459.2356].

EXAMPLE 5 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-ethylcarbamoyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3037)

To a sealed tube containing 5 mL of freshly distilled ethylamine was added 10 mg (0.02 mmol) of ATL146e. The flask was sealed and allowed to stir at 60° C. for 80 hours. After this time the reaction was only about 50% complete by HPLC. The vessel was cooled to 0° C., opened, and the ethylamine was removed in vacuo to yield 4.5 mg (73%) of JR3037 as a white solid and the recovery of 4.0 mg of starting material after the residue was purified by RP-HPLC. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 500.8 (MH⁺, 100), 327.4(3).

EXAMPLE 6 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-carbamoyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3055)

To a sealed tube containing 10 mL of saturated MeOH/NH₃ solution was added 5 mg (0.01 mmol) of ATL146e. The flask was sealed and allowed to stir at 25° C. for 48 hours. The vessel was cooled to 0° C., opened, and the ammonia removed by bubbling N₂ for 1 hour. The remaining solvent was then removed in vacuo to yield 4.0 mg (83%) of JR3055 as a white solid after the residue was purified by RP-HPLC. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 5.98 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=7.3 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 2,37 (d, J=6,4 Hz, 2H) 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, _H), 1.53 (m, _H_), 1.23 (m, ₁₃H), 1,12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 472.3 (MH⁺, 100), 299.4(10).

EXAMPLE 7 5-{6-Amino-2–[3-(4-methylcarbamoyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3065)

To a sealed tube containing 10 mL 2.0 M methylamine in methanol was added 16.5 mg (0.03 mmol) of ATL146e. The flask was sealed and allowed to stir at 70° C. for 120 hours. The vessel was cooled to 0° C., opened, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 8.0 mg (48%) of JR3065 as a white solid after the residue was purified by RP-HPLC. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 486.3 (MH⁺, 100), 313.4(35).

EXAMPLE 8 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3135)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 6.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dd, J=6.9 Hz, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 4H), 1.83, (m, 4H), 1.16 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 171.9, 155.3, 150.0, 144.3, 120.6, 95.4, 90.6, 89.5, 86.2, 79.9, 74.9, 74.0, 70.5, 42.9, 35.3, 24.4, 15.3. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 417.2 (MH⁺, 100), 399.4(85), 244.3(15), 26.5(25). HRMS M⁺ actual 417.18864, observed 417.18880.

EXAMPLE 9 5-[6-Amino-2-(3,3-dicyclohexyl-3-hydroxy-prop-1-ynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3139)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.57 (s, 1H), 6.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (dd, J=6.7, Hz, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H) 1.80 (m, 13H), 1.28 (m, 9H), 1.13 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 527.3 (MH⁺, 60), 509.5(100), 354.4(5), 336.5(5), 279.5(8). HRMS M⁺ actual 527.29819, observed 527.29830

EXAMPLE 10 5-[6-Amino-2-(4-ethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3149)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 6.06 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.9 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.12 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (t, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (m, 4H), 1.15 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 171.9, 155.4, 150.0, 144.2, 143.8, 120.6, 94.5, 90.5, 86.1, 81.8, 74.9, 74.1, 70.3, 40.5, 39.8, 35.3, 31.0, 30.2, 15.2, 12.0. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 459.4 (MH⁺, 100), 441.4(60), 268.4(10). HRMS M⁺ actual 459.23559, observed 459.23550.

EXAMPLE 11 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-4-phenyl-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3161)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.26 (m, 4H), 7.14 (m, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J=7.3 Hz, J=4.8Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=1.6Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.7 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.23 (d, J=11.7 H, 2H), 1.92 (m, 4H), 1.78, (m, 2H), 1.15 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 507.3 (MH⁺, 100) 489.4(70), 334.3(5), 316.5(8). HRMS M⁺ actual 507.23559, observed 507.23580.

EXAMPLE 12 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3163)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 6.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J=6.9 Hz, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.7 Hz, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 1.74 (s, 4H), 1.13 (m, 17H). APCI m/z (rel intensity) 487.3 (MH⁺, 75), 469.4(100), 296.4 (10).

EXAMPLE 13 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3177A, JR3177B)

The reaction of 1-Ethynyl-2-methyl-cyclohexanol (JR3169B) (100 mg, 0.72 mmol) with 2-iodo-NECA (25 mg, 0.06 mmol) under the general coupling conditions gave JR3177A (8.0 mg) and JR3177B (8.2 mg) (overall yield 65%) as white solids after purification by a silica plug and RP-HPLC. JR3177A: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (dd, J=6.9 Hz, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 2.13 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (m, 5H), 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.14 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 445.3 (MH⁺, 100), 427.4(80), 254.4(14). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.12 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.35 (m, 4H), 1.14 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 445.7 (MH⁺, 100), 427.3(35), 254.4(3.5).

EXAMPLE 14 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-3-methyl-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3179)

The reaction of 1-Ethynyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (JR3149B) (100 mg, 0.72 mmol) with 2-iodo-NECA (25 mg, 0.06 mmol) under the general coupling conditions gave JR3179 (15.0 mg, 59%) as a white solid after purification by a silica plug and RP-HPLC. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 6.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=4.9 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.09 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 1.73 (m, 4H), 1.46 (m, 1H), 1.23 (m, 1H), 1.169 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 445.3 (MH⁺, 100), 427.4(40), 254.4(4).

EXAMPLE 15 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3213)

The title compound was prepared using the appropriate starting materials and procedures described herein. The results are as follows:

¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 6.00 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dd, J=6.5 Hz, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H)), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=4.7 Hz, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 4,13 (q,) 3.42 (m, 2H), ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ. APCI m/z (rel intensity) 503.4 (MH⁺, 100), 330.3 (6).

EXAMPLE 16 5-[6-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-2-oxo-azepan-3-ylethynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3243A, JR3243B)

35 mg (0.081 mmol) IodoNECA (62 mg alkyne, 0.41 mmol), 2 ml DMF, 4 ml Acetonitrile, 0.2 ml TEA, d(PPH3)4, CuI. Stirred overnight at room temperature (Nov. 29, 2001). R×n is tan w/ brown precipitate. TLC (20% MeOH/CH2Cl2) indicates r×n complete (r.f INECA=0.67, r.f product=0.45). Filtered mixture through celite, washed with 3×2 mL DMF, and evaporated under vacuum to brown oil. (solid precipitates out upon the addition of MeOH, thus used DMF to load on prep plate).

The following compounds can be prepared by following the general method 4 described herein and the appropriate intermediate compounds described herein.

EXAMPLE 17 N-Ethyl 2-{3-[trans-4-(methoxycarbonyloxamethyl)-cyclohexyl]-1-propyn-1-yl}adenosine-5′-uronamide (ATL214)

Yield 3.4 mg, 10%. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 1.18 (t, 3H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 1.03–1.20, 1.51–1.70, 1.79–1.85, 1.94–2.01 (4×m, 10H, cyclohexyl), 2.35 (d, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CC—), 3.46 (m, 2H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 3.73 (s, 3H, —OCH₃), 3.94 (d, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—), 4.29 (dd, 1H, 3′—H), 4.45 (d, 1H, 4′—H), 4.72 (dd, 1H, 2′—H), 5.97 (d, 1H, 1′—H), 8.27 (s, 1H, 8—H). APCI m/z 517.4 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 18 N-Ethyl 2-{3-[trans-4-(isobutoxyoxycarbonyloxamethyl)-cyclohexyl]-1-propyn-1-yl}adenosine-5′-uronamide (ATL215)

Yield 8.5 mg, 30%. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 0.94 (d, 4H, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 1.18 (t, 3H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 1.04–1.24, 1.54–1.72, 1.79–2.03 (3×m, 11H, cyclohexyl, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2.38 (d, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CC—), 3.43 (m, 2H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 3.89, 3.94 (2×d, 4H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 4.30 (dd, 1H, 3′—H), 4.46 (d, 1H, 4′—H), 4.71 (dd, 1H, 2′—H), 6.00 (d, 1H, 1′—H), 8.37 (br s, 1H, 8—H).APCI m/z 559.5 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 19 N-Ethyl 2-{3-[trans-4-(benzoxycarbonyloxamethyl)-cyclohexyl]-1-propyn-1-yl}adenosine-5′-uronamide (ATL216)

Yield 1.0 mg, 3%. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 1.17 (t, 3H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 1.03–1.23, 1.52–1.71, 1.78–1.86, 1.93–2.02 (4×m, 10H, cyclohexyl), 2.35 (d, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂CC—), 3.45 (m, 2H, —NHCH₂CH₃), 3.97 (d, 2H, —C₆H₁₀CH₂O—), 4.29 (dd, 1H, 3′—H), 4.45 (d, 1H, 4′—H), 4.72 (dd, 1H, 2′—H), 5.13 (s, 2H, —OCH₂Ph), 5.97 (d, 1H, 1′—H), 7.33–7.37(m, 5H, Ar), 8.30 (br s, 1H, 8—H). APCI m/z 593.3 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 20 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl ester

EXAMPLE 21 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR2023)

EXAMPLE 22 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 2-amino-ethyl ester (JR3033)

EXAMPLE 23 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-1-methyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3067A)

EXAMPLE 24 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-1-methyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3067B)

EXAMPLE 25 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-ethyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide

EXAMPLE 26 5-{2-[3-(4-Acetyl-cyclohexyl)-prop-1-ynyl]-6-aminopurin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3119)

EXAMPLE 27 5-(6-Amino-2-{3-[4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-cyclohexyl]-prop-1-ynyl}-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide

EXAMPLE 28 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3181A, JR3181B)

EXAMPLE 29 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylcyclohexylethynyl)-purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3201B)

EXAMPLE 30 5-[6-Amino-2-(4-tert-butyl-1-hydroxycyclohexylethynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3203)

EXAMPLE 31 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-3-methylcyclohexylethynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3221)

EXAMPLE 32 5-[6-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-3-methylcyclohexylethynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3223)

EXAMPLE 33 5-[6-Amino-2-(2-tert-butyl-1-hydroxycyclohexylethynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3227)

EXAMPLE 34 1-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3251)

EXAMPLE 35 1-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR3253)

EXAMPLE 36 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3259)

EXAMPLE 37 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3269)

EXAMPLE 38 1-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JR3279)

EXAMPLE 39 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR3281)

EXAMPLE 40 5-{6-Amino-2-[3-(4-pyrimidin-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-prop-1-ynyl]-purin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3283)

EXAMPLE 41 5-[6-Amino-2-(3-piperazin-1-yl-prop-1-ynyl)purin-9-yl]-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR3289)

EXAMPLE 42 1-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (JR3291)

EXAMPLE 43 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (JR4007)

EXAMPLE 44 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester (JR4009)

EXAMPLE 45 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid isobutyl ester (JR4011)

EXAMPLE 46 5-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]prop-2-ynyl}-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (JR4015)

EXAMPLE 47 5-(6-Amino-2-{3-[1-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-piperidin-4-yl]-prop-1-ynyl}purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR4047)

EXAMPLE 48 5-(6-Amino-2-{3-[1-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyl)-piperidin-4-yl]prop-1-ynyl}-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR4051)

EXAMPLE 49 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid isobutyl ester (JR4049)

EXAMPLE 50 5-{2-[3-(4-Acetyl-piperazin-1-yl)-prop-1-ynyl]-6-aminopurin-9-yl}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (JR4053)

EXAMPLE 51

The following compounds can be prepared by following the general methods described herein and the appropriate intermediate compounds:

EXAMPLE 52 Cell Culture and Membrane Preparation

Sf9 cells were cultured in Grace's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2.5 μg/ml amphotericin B and 50 μg/ml gentamycin in an atmosphere of 50% N₂/50% O₂. Viral infection was performed at a density of 2.5×10⁶ cells/mL with a multiplicity of infection of two for each virus used. Infected cells were harvested 3 days post-infection and washed twice in insect PBS (PBS pH 6.3). Cells were then resuspended in lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (BME), 5 μg/mL leupeptin, 5 μg/mL pepstatin A, 1 μg/mL aprotinin, and 0.1 mM PMSF) and snap frozen for storage at −80° C. Cells were thawed on ice, brought to 30 mL total volume in lysis buffer, and burst by N₂ cavitation (600 psi for 20 minutes). A low-speed centrifugation was performed to remove any unlysed cells (1000×g for 10 minutes), followed by a high-speed centrifugation (17,000×g for 30 minutes). The pellet from the final centrifugation was homogenized in buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 8, 100 mM NaCl, 1% glycerol, 2 μg/mL leupeptin, 2 μg/mL pepstatin A, 2 μg/mL Aprotinin, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 10 μM GDP using a small glass homogenizer followed by passage through a 26 gauge needle. Membranes were aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid N₂, and stored at −80° C. Membranes from cells stably expressing the human A₁ AR (CHO K1 cells) or A₃ AR (HEK 293 cells) were prepared as described (Robeva et al., 1996).

EXAMPLE 53 Radioligand Binding Assays

Radioligand binding to recombinant human A_(A2) receptors in Sf9 cell membranes was performed using either the radiolabeled agonist, ¹²⁵I-APE (Luthin et al., 1995) or the radiolabeled antagonist, ¹²⁵I-ZM241385 (¹²⁵I-ZM). To detect the high affinity, GTPγS-sensitive state of A₁ and A₃ AR, we used the agonist, ¹²⁵I-ABA (Linden et al., 1985; Linden et al., 1993). Binding experiments were performed in triplicate with 5 μg (A_(2A)) or 25 μg (A₁ and A₃) membrane protein in a total volume of 0.1 mL HE buffer (20 mM HEPES and 1 mM EDTA) with 1 U/mL adenosine deaminase and 5 mM MgCl₂ with or without 50 μM GTPγS. Membranes were incubated with radioligands at room temperature for three hours (for agonists) or two hours (for antagonists) in Millipore Multiscreen® 96-well GF/C filter plates and assays were terminated by rapid filtration on a cell harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, Md.) followed by 4×150 μl washes over 30 seconds with ice cold 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl₂. Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 50 μM NECA. Competition binding assays were performed as described (Robeva et al., 1996) using 0.5–1 nM ¹²⁵I-APE, ¹²⁵I-ZM241385, or ¹²⁵I-ABA. We found that it was sometimes important to change pipette tips following each serial dilution to prevent transfer on tips of potent hydrophobic compounds. The K_(i) values for competing compound binding to a single site were derived from IC₅₀ values with correction for radioligand and competing compound depletion as described previously (Linden, 1982).

Linden J (1982) Calculating the Dissociation Constant of an Unlabeled Compound From the Concentration Required to Displace Radiolabel Binding by 50%. J Cycl Nucl Res 8: 163–172.

Linden J, Patel A and Sadek S (1985) [¹²⁵I]Aminobenzyladenosine, a New Radioligand With Improved Specific Binding to Adenosine Receptors in Heart. Circ Res 56: 279–284.

Linden J, Taylor H E, Robeva A S, Tucker A L, Stehle J H, Rivkees S A, Fink J S and Reppert S M (1993) Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of a Sheep A₃ Adenosine Receptor With Widespread Tissue Distribution. Mol Pharmacol 44: 524–532.

Luthin D R, Olsson R A, Thompson R D, Sawmiller D R and Linden J (1995) Characterization of Two Affinity States of Adenosine A_(A2) Receptors With a New Radioligand, 2-[2-(4-Amino-3-[¹²⁵I]Iodophenyl)Ethylamino]Adenosine. Mol Pharmacol 47: 307–313.

Robeva A S, Woodard R, Luthin D R, Taylor H E and Linden J (1996) Double Tagging Recombinant A₁- and A₂A-Adenosine Receptors With Hexahistidine and the FLAG Epitope. Development of an Efficient Generic Protein Purification Procedure. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 545–555.

Chemiluminescence Methods: Luminol enhanced chemiluminescence, a measure of neutrophil oxidative activity, is dependent upon both superoxide production and mobilization of the granule enzyme myeloperoxidase. The light is emitted from unstable high-energy oxygen species such as hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen generated by activated neutrophils.

Purified human neutrophils (2×106/ml) suspended in Hanks balanced salt solution containing 0.1% human serum albumin (HA), adenosine deaminase (1U/mL) and rolipram (100 nM) were incubated (37 C) in a water bath for 15 min with or without rhTNF(10 U/ml). Following incubation 100 L aliquots of the PMN were transferred to wells (White walled clear bottom 96 well tissue culture plates Costar #3670; 2 wells/condition) containing 501 HA and luminol (final concentration 100M) with or without adenosine agonist (final agonist concentrations 0.01–1000 nM). The plate was incubated 5 min (37 C) and then fMLP (50 1 in HA; final concentration 1M) was added to all wells.

Peak chemiluminescence was determined with a Victor 1420 Multilabel Counter in the chemiluminescence mode using the Wallac Workstation software. Data are presented as peak chemiluminescence as percent of activity in the absence of an adenosine agonist. The EC50 was determined using PRISM software. All compounds were tested with PMNs from three separate donors. The results are summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Binding Affinity And Selectivity For A_(2A) Agonists PMN PMN oxid + oxid roli A1/ A3/ (-log (-log Agonist A2A ± SEM A1 ± SEM A3 ± SEM A2A A2A EC50) EC50) ATL-146a  29.6 ± 1.2   189 ± 19   29 ± 10 6.4 1.0 6.04 7.72 ATL-146e  0.5 ± 0.04  77.0 ± 12  45.0 ± 15 154.0 90.0 8.45 9.33 ATL-193  1.1 ± 0.2  71.0 ± 14 231.0 ± 91 64.5 210.0 8.51 9.46 ATL-2037  1.5 ± 0.01  19.0 ± 1  76.0 ± 6 12.6 50.3 7.49 8.7 NECA  2.0 ± 0.4  2.0 ± 1.4  32.0 ± 9 1.0 16.0 7.82 8.95 CCPA  11.0 ± 1.9  0.3 ± 0.1  65.0 ± 6 0.0 5.9 5.37 7.26 CGS-21680  4.9 ± 0.3 316.0 ± 59  82.0 ± 18 64.5 16.7 7.52 8.55 CI-IBMECA  18.3 ± 3.2  33.0 ± 9  2.4 ± 0.3 1.8 0.1 4.34 7.49 CPA  19.8 ± 3.2  0.4 ± 0.1  93.0 ± 7 0.02 4.7 4.03 7.06 IBMECA  6.3 ± 1.3  9.0 ± 0.8  1.5 ± 0.3 1.4 0.2 6.49 8.01 JR-2145  0.7 ± 0.16  28.3 ± 7.3 101.0 ± 22 42.2 150.7 7.19 8.57 JR-2147  0.9 ± 0.38  17.5 ± 5.2  89.0 ± 21 19.0 96.7 7.13 8.57 JR-2171  1.2 ± 0.09 132.0 ± 13  62.0 ± 12 110.0 51.7 8.1 9.27 JR-3021  1.6 ± 0.5 107.0 ± 10  41.0 ± 1 66.9 25.6 7.58 8.58 JR-3023  3.8 ± 2  14.0 ± 0.8  61.0 ± 6 3.7 16.3 7.37 8.66 JR-3027  0.8 ± 0.1  23.4 ± 3.7  26.0 ± 9 28.2 31.3 8.46 9.46 JR-3031  13.8 ± 2.8 734.0 ± 126 126.0 ± 20 53.2 9.1 6.26 7.75 JR-3033  1.6 ± 0.02  15.1 ± 3.9  26.0 ± 14 9.7 16.7 7.31 8.67 JR-3037  4.1 ± 0.9 113.0 ± 11  93.0 ± 21 27.6 22.7 7.34 8.68 JR-3041  12.0 ± 4.8  7.1 ± 2.2  82.0 ± 8 0.6 6.8 4.19 6.95 JR-3055  1.8 ± 0.2  36.0 ± 2  28.0 ± 3 20.0 15.6 7.5 8.64 JR-3063  0.3 ± 0.02  0.2 ± 0.03  1.3 ± 0.4 0.9 5.2 9.63 10.33 JR-3065  3.6 ± 0.5  55.0 ± 13  28.0 ± 13 15.3 7.8 6.99 8.29 JR-3067A  1.3 ± 0.8  99.0 ± 27  39.0 ± 3 76.2 30.0 7.65 8.7 JR-3067B  4.0 ± 0.2 121.0 ± 44 212.0 ± 95 30.3 53.0 6.83 8.2 JR-3079  1.1 ± 0.33  0.5 ± 0.04  15.6 ± 3 0.4 14.1 7.85 9.11 JR-3081  0.9 ± 0.18  0.5 ± 0.09  14.7 ± 7.5 0.6 15.6 8.34 9.57 JR-3085  0.5 ± 0.18  1.0 ± 0.26  2.0 ± 1.3 2.0 4.1 8.41 9.6 JR-3087  2.2 ± 0.2  20.3 ± 4.5  17.8 ± 5.5 9.2 8.1 7.33 8.51 JR-3089  0.7 ± 0.05  7.1 ± 1.1  4.4 ± 11 10.8 6.7 9.14 9.9 JR-3101  0.9 ± 0.16  2.7 ± 0.23  6.2 ± 0.6 3.1 7.0 8.41 9.5 JR-3103  1.7 ± 0.21  2.0 ± 0.61  5.0 ± 2.3 1.2 3.0 7.95 9.03 JR-3119  2.4 ± 0.2  28.7 ± 3.3  18.6 ± 4.4 11.9 7.7 7.54 8.7 JR-3121  5.7 ± 0.6  52.3 ± 7.6  71.0 ± 16 9.3 12.6 6.98 8.31 JR-3135  0.8 ± 0.3  5.0 ± 1.3  3.5 ± 1.2 6.3 4.4 8.9 9.6 JR-3137  1.2 ± 0.35  13.5 ± 3.2 7.4 11.3 6.2 7.59 8.72 JR-3139 166.0 ± 42 801.0 ± 99  83.7 ± 30 4.8 0.5 5.39 6.75 JR-3141  0.8 ± 0.28  9.7 ± 2.3 70.0 11.5 83.3 8.19 9.4 JR-3149  0.5 ± 0.05  3.8 ± 0.4  7.3 ± 1.9 7.0 13.5 8.66 9.63 JR-3159A  0.6 ± 0.06  0.9 ± 0.05  3.9 ± 1.5 1.4 6.6 8.43 9.34 JR-3159B  0.4 ± 0.07  2.0 ± 0.21  2.6 ± 0.3 5.7 7.4 9.44 10.36 JR-3161  0.9 ± 0.04  10.9 ± 0.5 113.0 ± 6 12.2 127.0 8.35 9.29 JR-3163  11.1 ± 2.8 784.0 ± 94 152.0 ± 62 70.6 13.7 6.27 7.67 JR-3177A  1.2 ± 0.35  8.7 ± 0.07  6.7 ± 0.3 7.1 5.5 7.53 9.03 JR-3177B  0.7 ± 0.07  15.5 ± 0.7  7.5 ± 4.5 23.1 11.2 8.5 9.45 JR-3179  0.4 ± 0.05  8.5 ± 0.3  12.6 ± 3.6 19.3 28.6 9.18 10.07 JR-3181A  1.2 ± 0.15  44.9 ± 17.2  69.7 ± 43 38.1 59.1 7.73 8.77 JR-3181B  0.7 ± 0.07  24.2 ± 6.2  38.9 ± 4.8 36.1 58.1 8.57 9.67 JR-3201B  1.6 ± 0.28 157.0 ± 14  23.6 ± 0.35 98.1 14.8 8.06 9.2 JR-3203  1.5 ± 0.22  14.7 ± 2.2  43.3 ± 18 9.5 28.1 7.85 9.11 JR-3205  3.4 ± 0.3  14.2 ± 1.08  31.6 ± 26.5 4.2 9.3 7.22 8.08 JR-3213  1.9 ± 0.4  15.8 ± 0.48  42.3 ± 18.3 8.3 22.3 8.46 9.11 JR-3221  5.08 ± 0.81  19.5 ± 0.12  9.0 ± 5.5 3.8 1.8 7.3 8.21 JR-3223  0.92 ± 0.2  4.8 ± 0.3  0.7 ± 0.02 5.2 0.8 9.47 10.15 JR-3229  20.8 ± 2.5 234  15.3 ± 5.42 11.3 0.7 6.65 7.58 JR-3227  25.1 ± 1.3 536 50 21.4 2.0 5.13 7.14 JR-3243A  11.9 ± 1.3  29.6 ± 4.8  31.1 ± 7.2 2.5 2.6 6.42 7.65 JR-3243B  2.25 ± 0.35   12 ± 5  3.34 ± 0.48 5.3 1.5 7.81 8.91 JR-3251  6.02 ± 0.57  47.3 ± 24.2  58.5 ± 8 7.9 9.7 7.52 8.5 JR-3253  3.29 ± 0.49  13.8 ± 0.5  31.3 ± 9.3 4.2 9.5 7.36 8.42 JR-3259  0.9 ± 0.10   205 ± 2.6  45.6 ± 10 227.8 50.7 8.46 9.26 JR-3261  5.7 ± 1.8  47.3 ± 11.6  86.7 ± 3.75 8.3 15.2 6.4 7.6 JR-3269  1.26 ± 0.21   134 ± 12.5 68.6 106.0 54.4 8.65 JR-3279  3.82 ± 0.95 14.4 3.8 0.0 7.86 JR-3281  2.36 ± 0.50  9.15 ± 1.35 38 3.9 16.1 8.19 JR-3283  2.00 ± 0.25  15.3 ± 0.4 66.2 4.6 19.0 8.24 JR-4007  0.97 ± 0.33  34.6 ± 1 .4 65.2 35.7 67.2 8.77 JR-4009  1.43 ± 0.23   167 ± 13.5 86 116.4 60.1 8.45 JR-4011  0.61 ± 0.06 71.7 0.0 117.5 8.46 JR-4015  4.25 ± 1.0 0.0 0.0 ATL214 0.8 100 100 125 125 2 .6 ATL215 4.8 20 2.8 ATL216 2.7 13 1.8 AB-1  0.71 ± 0.09  76.7 ± 8.9  4.9 ± 0.23 108.0 6.9 8.94 9.54 AB-3  2.55 ± 0.20  75.7 ± 9.2  7.8 ± 2.8 29.7 3.0 8.39 9.4 AB-5  5.48 ± 1.1  55.4 ± 4.8  12.5 ± 5.7 10.1 2.3 7.8 8.83 AB-6  5.8 ± 1.6  25.9 ± 3.5  11.1 ± 1.72 4.5 1.9 7.53 8.51 AB-8  1.20 ± 0.05  36.9 ± 6.1  11.9 ± 1.86 30.8 9.9 7.76 8.72 PMN oxid(-log E050) = human neutrophil experiment as described in Example 54 w/o Rolipram

EXAMPLE 54 Effect of A_(A2) Agonists on Neutrophil Oxidative Activity

A. Materials

f-met-leu-phe (fMLP), luminol, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome C, fibrinogen, adenosine deaminase, and trypan blue were obtained from Sigma Chemical. Ficoll-hypaque was purchased from ICN (Aurora, Ohio), and Cardinal Scientific (Santa Fe, N.Mex.) and Accurate Chemicals and Scientific (Westerbury, N.Y.). endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; E. coli K235) was from List Biologicals (Campbell, Calif.). Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), and limulus amebocyte lysate assay kit were from BioWittaker (Walkersville, Md.). Human serum albumin (HSA) was from Cutter Biological (Elkhart, Ind.). Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha was supplied by Dianippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). ZM241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-yl amino]ethyl)phenol) was a gift from Simon Poucher, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, UK. Stock solutions (1 mM and 10 mM in DMSO) were made and stored at −20° C.

B. Human Neutrophil Preparation

Purified neutrophils (˜98% neutrophils and >95% viable by trypan blue exclusion) containing <1 platelet per 5 neutrophils and <50 pg/ml endotoxin (limulus amebocyte lysate assay) were obtained from normal heparinized (10 U/ml) venous blood by a one step Ficoll-hypaque separation procedure (A. Ferrante et al., J. Immunol. Meth., 36, 109 (1980)).

C. Release of Inflammatory Reactive Oxygen Species from Primed and Stimulated Human Neutrophils Chemiluminescence

Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, a measure of neutrophil oxidative activity, is dependent upon both superoxide production and mobilization of the lysosomal granule enzyme myeloperoxidase. The light is emitted from unstable high-energy oxygen species generated by activated neutrophils. Purified neutrophils (5–10×10⁵/ml) were incubated in Hanks balanced salt solution containing 0.1% human serum albumin (1 ml) with the tested A_(A2) agonist with or without rolipram and with or without tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1 U/ml) for 30 minutes at 37° C. in a shaking water bath. Then luminol (1×10⁻⁴ M) enhanced f-met-leu-phe (1 mcM) stimulated chemiluminescence was read with a Chronolog® Photometer (Crono-log Corp., Havertown, Pa.) at 37° C. for 2–4 minutes. Chemiluminescence is reported as relative peak light emitted (=height of the curve) compared to samples with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and without agonist or rolipram.

EXAMPLE 55 In vivo Rat Blood Pressure Experiments

Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weights, 250–300 grams) were anthesthetized and jugular and carotid catheters are implanted ipsilaterally and the animals are allowed to recover 24–48 hours. Prior to each experiment a baseline blood pressure reading is established for 30 minutes with each drug injection being preceeded by a vehicle control. Drugs are injected bolus I.V. through a jugular catheter in a 200 microliter volume of saline and the catheter is flushed with an additional 300 microliters of saline. To measure blood pressure, a central line from the carotid catheter is attached to the pressure transducer of a Digi-Med Blood Pressure Analyzer. Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean pressure, and heart rate are all recorded in real time at 30–60 second intervals. Data is recorded until mean blood pressure has returned to baseline and remained constant for 20 minutes. The data is presented as a fraction of the mean blood pressure averaged over the 10 minutes immediately prior to drug injection. The blood pressures are recorded and plotted over time as a means of determining potency of the compounds as well as biological half-life.

The results are illustrated in FIGS. 1–6.

EXAMPLE 56 In vivo Coronary Dog Flow Experiments

Fasted, adult mongrel dogs (mean weight, 24.8±0.6 kg; range, 20.9 to 28.2 kg) were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg·kg⁻¹), tracheally intubated, and mechanically ventilated with room air on a respirator (model 613, Harvard Apparatus) with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H₂O. The surgical preparation and instrumentation of the animals has been thoroughly described previously (Glover D. K. et al., Circulation 1996, 94, pages 1726–1732). Throughout each experiment, heart rate, mean arterial and left atrial pressures, ultrasonically measured LCx flow, and dP/dt were continuously monitored and recorded on a 16-channel thermal array chart recorder (K2-G, Astro-med, Inc) and digitised and stored on an IBM-compatible personal computer. All experiments were performed with the approval of the University of Virginia Animal Care and Use Committee and were in compliance with the position of the American Heart Association on the use of research animals. The compounds tested were intravenously administered by bolus injection and the parameters above were measured and recorded.

The results are illustrated in FIGS. 7–16.

EXAMPLE 57 Liver I/R Injury Protocol

Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 100 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg. Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V) 0.05 mg/kg was delivered subcutaneously before the operation. The ambient temperature was controlled in the range of 24° C. to 26° C. Mice were placed on a 37° C. heat pad with their core temperature monitored by a TH-8 Thermalert Monitoring Thermometer (Physitemp) and maintained at 36–37° C. by a TCAT-1A Temperature Control and Alarm Unit (Physitemp) during the entire procedure. After midline laparotomy, a microaneurysm clip was applied to the hepatic triad above the bifurcation to clamp the flow of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. The peritoneum was closed after superfusion of 200 μl of warm saline. After 60 minutes of ischemia, the peritoneum was reopened and the microaneurysm clip was removed. Immediately after reperfusion was initiated, each mouse received a loading dose of ATL-146e (1 ug/kg) or vehicle in 200 uL warm saline, and a primed Alzet osmotic minipump was placed intraperitoneally. The surgical wound was closed with metal staples. Mice were maintained on the heat pad to monitor and maintain body temperature until the anesthetic wore off.

Drug Administration.

Alzet osmotic minipumps (model 1003D; Alza Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., USA) were primed according to the manufacture's instruction in order to release compounds shortly after implantation. A solution containing ATL146e was prepared in normal saline and placed in osmotic minipumps to deliver 10 ng/kg/min. Minipumps containing vehicle or ATL146e were implanted during operation.

EXAMPLE 58 Serum Enzyme Determination

Serum GPT (ALT) levels were measured using a Transaminase kit (505, Sigma). Briefly, 20 μL serum sample was mixed with 100 (L pre-heated Alanine-α-KG substrate and incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 30 minutes. Then we added 100 (L Sigma Color Reagent to the reaction and left it at room temperature for 20 minutes. We stopped the reaction with 1.0 ml 0.4N sodium hydroxide solution. Absorbance of each sample at 505 nm was measured and converted into SF unit/ml.

EXAMPLE 59 Tissue Myeloperoxidase Measurement

Mouse livers were removed after 24 hours reperfusion. The tissue was immediately submerged in 10 volumes of ice-cold 50 mM KPO4 buffer, pH 7.4 and homogenized with a Tekmar tissue grinder. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000×g for 15 minutes at 4° C., and the supernatant was discarded. The pellet was washed twice, resuspended in 10 volumes of ice-cold 50 mM KPO4 buffer pH 7.4 with 0.5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and then sonicated. The suspension was subjected to three freeze/thaw cycles. Samples were sonicated for 10 seconds, and centrifuged at 15,000×g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was added to an equal volume of a solution consisting of o-dianisidine (10 mg/ml), 0.3% H2O2, and 50 mM KPO4, pH 6.0. Absorbance was measured at 460 nm over a period of five minutes.

FIG. 17 illustrates the longer duration of action of JR3223 vs. a control compound and ATL146e for liver tissue protection after an ischemia/reperfusion injury. The test compounds were administered 6 hours prior to I/R injury. Tissue protection is measured by amount of Serum GPT present in the in a serum sample 24 hours later, with smaller GPT concentrations indicating better liver function.

All publications, patents, and patent documents are incorporated by reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A compound having formula (I):

wherein Z is CR³R⁴R⁵ each R¹ is independently hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocycle, hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, R^(a)S(═O)₂—, or —N═NR^(a); each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-; or R¹ and R² and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or C═NR^(c); R⁴ and R⁵ together with the C atom to which they are attached form a saturated or partially unsaturated, mono-, or bicyclic- ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from non-peroxide oxy (—O—), thio (—S—), sulfinyl (—SO—), sulfonyl (—S(O)₂—) or amine (—NR^(a)—) in the ring; wherein any ring comprising CR⁴R⁵ is substituted with from 1 to 14 R⁶ groups at any position other than at the 1-position; wherein each R⁶ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₁–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocycle (C₁–C₈)alkylene, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, or —NNR^(a), or two R⁶ groups and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or; two R⁶ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached can form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; R³ is hydrogen, halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)—, R^(a)S(═O)₂—)—, or —NNR^(a); or if the ring formed from CR⁴R⁵ is partially unsaturated then R³ can be absent; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-; X is —CH₂OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(O)R^(a), —CH₂OC(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —CH₂SR^(a), —C(S)OR^(a), —OC(S)R^(a), —CH₂OC(S)R^(a) or C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) or —CH₂N(R^(a))(R^(b)); wherein any of the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl, groups of R¹, R², R³, R⁶ and R⁷ is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or hetrocycle(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, aryl, aryloxy, aryl (C₁–C₈)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene-, —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)C(═O)—, —OCO₂R^(a), R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)O—, R^(b)OC(═O)N(R^(a))—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═S)N(R^(b))—, R^(a)OC(═S)—, R^(a)C(═S)—, —SSR^(a), R^(a)S(═O)_(p)——, R^(a)R^(b)NS(O)_(p)—, and N═NR^(a); wherein any (C₁–C₈)alkyl, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₆–C₁₂)bicycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₁–C₈)alkanoyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylene, or heterocycle, is optionally partially unsaturated; R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, or (C₁–C₈)alkyl substituted with 1–3 (C₁–C₈)alkoxy, (C₃–C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₁–C₈)alkylthio, amino acid, aryl, aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or thiomorpholino ring; and R^(c) is hydrogen or (C₁–C₆)alkyl; m is 0 to about 8 and p is 0 to 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, —CH₂OH, —OCH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂ or —NH(C═O)CH₃.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, —OH, —OCH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂ or —NHC(═O)CH₃.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, OH, OCH₃, or NH₂.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, OH, or NH₂.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or OH.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is hydrogen, (C₁–C₈)alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl or benzyl.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein R² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or propyl.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein R² is hydrogen or methyl.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein R² is hydrogen.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹, R² and the carbon atom to which they are attached is carbonyl (C═O).
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is hydrogen, OH, OMe, —OC(═O)CH₃, —NH₂, NHMe, NMe₂ or —NHC(═O)CH₃.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R³ is hydrogen, OH, OMe, or NH₂.
 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R³ is hydrogen, OH, or NH₂.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein R³ is hydrogen or OH.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the ring comprising R⁴, R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected is piperidine, dihydro-pyridine, tetrahydro-pyridine, piperazine, tetrahydro-pyrazine, dihydro-pyrazine, dihydro-pyrimidine, tetrahydro-pyrimidine, hexahydro-pyrimidine, dihydro-imidazole, imidazolidine, dihydro-pyrazole, and. pyrazolidine.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁶ is (C₁–C₈)alkyl, substituted (C₁–C₈)alkyl, —OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, or aryl.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein R⁶ is (C₁–C₈)alkyl, —OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)R^(b)NC(═O)—, or aryl.
 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, butyl, OH, OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), R^(a)C(═O)—, OC(═O)CH₂CH₃, —CONR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)R^(b) or phenyl.
 20. The compound of claim 19, wherein R⁶ is OH, OMe, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, —CO₂R^(a), —CONR^(a)R^(b), —OC(═O)CH₃, NH₂, NHMe, NMe₂, NHEt or N(Et)₂.
 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, phenyl, —CO₂R^(a) —CONR^(a)R^(b), or (C═O)CHR₃.
 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, —CO₂R^(a) —CONR^(a)R^(b), or —OC(═O)CH₃.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein R⁶ is —(CH₂)₁₋₂OR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂C(═O)OR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂C(═O)R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OCO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂NHR^(a), —(CH₂)₁₋₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)NHR^(a), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(b).
 24. The compound of claim 23, wherein R⁶ is —CH₂OH, —CH₂OC(═O)CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂C(═O)OCH₃, —CH₂OC(═O)CH₃, —CH₂C(═O)CH₃, —CH₂OCO₂CH₃, —CH₂NH(CH₃), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂N(CH₃)₂.
 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein R⁶ is —CH₂OH, —CH₂OC(═O)CH₃, —CH₂C(═O)OCH₃, —CH₂C(═O)CH₃, —CH₂OCO₂CH₃, —CH₂NH(CH₃), or —(CH₂)₁₋₂N(CH₃)₂.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein number of R⁶ groups substituted on the R⁴R⁵ ring is from 1, 2, 3, to about
 4. 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are hydrogen, (C₁–C₄)alkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene.
 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
 29. The compound of claim 26, wherein R^(a) is (C₁–C₈)alkyl.
 30. The compound of claim 29, wherein R^(a) is methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein R^(a) is, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, i-butyl or tert-butyl.
 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) and R^(b) is a ring.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aryl(C₁–C₈)alkylene.
 34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
 35. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁷ is H, or methyl.
 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein N(R⁷)₂ is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino; ethylamino; pentylamino, diphenylethylamino, diethylamino or benzylamino.
 37. The compound of claim 36, wherein —N(R⁷)₂ is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino; ethylamino; diethylamino or benzylamino.
 38. The compound of claim 37, wherein N(R⁷)₂ is amino, or methylamino.
 39. The compound of claim 38, wherein X is —CH₂OR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(O)R^(a), —CH₂OC(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b).
 40. The compound of claim 39, wherein X is —CH₂OR^(a) or —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b).
 41. The compound of claim 40, wherein X is —CH₂OH or —C(O)NHCH₂CH₃.
 42. The compound of claim 41, wherein m is 0, 1, or
 2. 43. The compound of claim 42, wherein m is 0, or
 1. 44. The compound of claim 1, wherein the ring comprises —C(R³)R⁴R⁵ is 4-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, or 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester.
 45. A compound of claim 1, having the formula:


46. A compound of claim 1, having the formula:


47. A compound of claim 1, having the formula:


48. A therapeutic composition comprising a compound of claim 1, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 49. The composition of claim 48 further comprising a Type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
 50. The composition of claim 49 wherein the inhibitor is rolipram.
 51. The composition of claim 50, wherein the carrier is a liquid carrier.
 52. The composition of claim 51, which is adapted for parenteral, aerosol or transdermal administration.
 53. The compound of claim 1, wherein the rings comprising R⁴, R⁵ and the atom to which they are connected are selected from the group consisting of:

wherein q is an interger from 1 to
 14. 54. The compound of claim 53, wherein the rings comprising R⁴, R⁵ the atom to which they are connected are selected from the group consisting of:


55. A compound of claim 1, having the formula:


56. A compound of claim 1, having the formula: 